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Haredi Judaism (Hebrew: יהדות חֲרֵדִית, romanized: Yahadut Ḥaredit, IPA: [ħaʁeˈdi]; also spelled Charedi in English; plural Haredim or Charedim) is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that are characterized by their strict interpretation of religious sources and their accepted halakha (Jewish law) and traditions, in opposition to more accommodating or modern values and practices. Its members are usually referred to as ultra-Orthodox in English; however, the term "ultra-Orthodox" is considered pejorative by many of its adherents, who prefer terms like strictly Orthodox or Haredi. Haredi Jews regard themselves as the most religiously authentic group of Jews,[1][2] although other movements of Judaism disagree.[3]
Some scholars have suggested that Haredi Judaism is a reaction to societal changes, including political emancipation, the Haskalah movement derived from the Enlightenment, acculturation, secularization, religious reform in all its forms from mild to extreme, and the rise of the Jewish national movement. In contrast to Modern Orthodox Judaism, followers of Haredi Judaism segregate themselves from other parts of society to an extent. However, many Haredi communities encourage their young people to get a professional degree or establish a business. Furthermore, some Haredi groups, like Chabad-Lubavitch, encourage outreach to less observant and unaffiliated Jews and hilonim (secular Israeli Jews). Thus, professional and social relationships often form between Haredi and non-Haredi Jews, as well as between Haredi Jews and non-Jews.
Haredi communities are found primarily in Israel (13.6% of the population), North America (12% of American Jews), and Western Europe (most notably Antwerp and Stamford Hill in London). Their estimated global population numbers 2.1 million as of 2020, and, due to a virtual absence of interfaith marriage and a high birth rate, the Haredi population is growing rapidly. Their numbers have been further boosted since the 1970s by secular Jews adopting a Haredi lifestyle as part of the baal teshuva movement; however, this has been somewhat offset by those leaving.
According to data from a January 2023 report by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Haredim, with their current population growth rate being 4% per year, will by the end of the decade form 16% of the entire Israeli population, including Arabs.[4] A previous report from May 2017 forecast that Haredim would form 20% of the total population in 2040, and 32% in 2065; by then, one in two Israeli children would be Haredi.[5][6] Similarly in the United States, 61% of all Jewish children living in the Eight-County New York Area are Orthodox with Haredim making up 49% as of 2011.[7]
- ^ Tatyana Dumova; Richard Fiordo (September 30, 2011). Blogging in the Global Society: Cultural, Political and Geographical Aspects. Idea Group Inc (IGI). p. 126. ISBN 978-1-60960-744-9.
Haredim regard themselves as the most authentic custodians of Jewish religious law and tradition which, in their opinion, is binding and unchangeable. They consider all other expressions of Judaism, including Modern Orthodoxy, as deviations from God's laws.
- ^ "Orthodox Judaism". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
Orthodox Judaism claims to preserve Jewish law and tradition from the time of Moses.
- ^ Nora L. Rubel (2010). Doubting the Devout: The Ultra-Orthodox in the Jewish American Imagination. Columbia University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-231-14187-1. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
Mainstream Jews have—until recently—maintained the impression that the ultraorthodox are the 'real' Jews.
- ^ Gross, Judah Ari (January 2, 2023). "Haredim are fastest-growing population, will be 16% of Israelis by decade's end". The Times of Israel. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
- ^ "Oops, Something is wrong" הודעה לתקשורת – תחזית אוכלוסיית ישראל עד שנת 2065. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. May 21, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
- ^ Druckman, Yaron (May 21, 2017). ישראל 2065: 20 מיליון תושבים, כל אזרח שלישי - חרדי. Ynet. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
- ^ "Jewish Community Study of New York: 2011" (PDF). UJA Federation of New York. 2011. p. 218. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
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