Hayflick limit

The Hayflick limit, or Hayflick phenomenon, is the number of times a normal somatic, differentiated human cell population will divide before cell division stops.^[1]^[2] However, this limit does not apply to stem cells.^{[citation needed]}

The concept of the Hayflick limit was advanced by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961,^[3] at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hayflick demonstrated that a normal human fetal cell population will divide between 40 and 60 times in cell culture before entering a senescence phase. This finding refuted the contention by Alexis Carrel that normal cells are immortal.

Hayflick interpreted his discovery to be aging at the cellular level. The aging of cell populations appears to correlate with the overall physical aging of an organism.^[3]^[4]

Macfarlane Burnet coined the name "Hayflick limit" in his book Intrinsic Mutagenesis: A Genetic Approach to Ageing, published in 1974.^[5]

^ Rodriguez-Brenes, Ignacio A.; Wodarz, Dominik; Komarova, Natalia L. (December 9, 2015). "Quantifying replicative senescence as a tumor suppressor pathway and a target for cancer therapy". Scientific Reports. 5: 17660. Bibcode:2015NatSR...517660R. doi:10.1038/srep17660. PMC 4673423. PMID 26647820.
^ Petersen, Thomas; Niklason, Laura (September 2007). "Cellular Lifespan and Regenerative Medicine". Biomaterials. 28 (26): 3751–3756. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.05.012. PMC 2706083. PMID 17574669.
^ ^a ^b Hayflick L, Moorhead PS (1961). "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains". Exp Cell Res. 25 (3): 585–621. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6. PMID 13905658.
^ Hayflick L. (1965). "The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains". Exp. Cell Res. 37 (3): 614–636. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(65)90211-9. PMID 14315085.
^ Cite error: The named reference Shay2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] Rodriguez-Brenes, Ignacio A.; Wodarz, Dominik; Komarova, Natalia L. (December 9, 2015). "Quantifying replicative senescence as a tumor suppressor pathway and a target for cancer therapy". Scientific Reports. 5: 17660. Bibcode:2015NatSR...517660R. doi:10.1038/srep17660. PMC 4673423. PMID 26647820.

[2] Petersen, Thomas; Niklason, Laura (September 2007). "Cellular Lifespan and Regenerative Medicine". Biomaterials. 28 (26): 3751–3756. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.05.012. PMC 2706083. PMID 17574669.

[pmid13905659-3] Hayflick L, Moorhead PS (1961). "The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains". Exp Cell Res. 25 (3): 585–621. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(61)90192-6. PMID 13905658.

[pmid14315085-4] Hayflick L. (1965). "The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains". Exp. Cell Res. 37 (3): 614–636. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(65)90211-9. PMID 14315085.

[Shay2000-5] Cite error: The named reference Shay2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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