Health in Iraq

Health in Iraq refers to the country's public healthcare system and the overall health of the country's population. Iraq belongs to WHO health region Eastern Mediterranean and classified as upper middle according to World Bank income classification 2013. The state of health in Iraq has fluctuated during its turbulent recent history and specially during the last 4 decade. The country had one of the highest medical standards in the region during the period of 1980s and up until 1991, the annual total health budget was about $450 million in average. The 1991 Gulf War incurred Iraq's major infrastructures a huge damage. This includes health care system, sanitation, transport, water and electricity supplies. UN economic sanctions aggravated the process of deterioration. The annual total health budget for the country, a decade after the sanctions had fallen to $22 million which is barely 5% of what it was in 1980s.^[1] During its last decade, the regime of Saddam Hussein cut public health funding by 90 percent, contributing to a substantial deterioration in health care.^[2] During that period, maternal mortality increased nearly threefold, and the salaries of medical personnel decreased drastically.^[2] Medical facilities, which in 1980 were among the best in the Middle East, deteriorated.^[2] Conditions were especially serious in the south, where malnutrition and water-borne diseases became common in the 1990s.^[2] Health indicators deteriorated during the 1990s. In the late 1990s, Iraq's infant mortality rates more than doubled.^[2] Because treatment and diagnosis of cancer and diabetes decreased in the 1990s, complications and deaths resulting from those diseases increased drastically in the late 1990s and early 2000s.^[2]

The Iraq War in 2003 destroyed an estimated 12% of hospitals and Iraq's two main public health laboratories.^[2] The collapse of sanitation infrastructure in 2003 led to an increased incidence of cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever.^[2] Malnutrition and childhood diseases, which had increased significantly in the late 1990s, continued to spread.^[2] In 2005 the incidence of typhoid, cholera, malaria, and tuberculosis was higher in Iraq than in comparable countries.^[2] In 2006 some 73 percent of cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Iraq originated with blood transfusions and 16 percent from sexual transmission.^[2] The AIDS Research Centre in Baghdad, where most cases have been diagnosed, provides free treatment, and testing is mandatory for foreigners entering Iraq.^[2] Between October 2005 and January 2006, some 26 new cases were identified, bringing the official total to 261 since 1986.^[2] The 2003 invasion and its aftermath of considerable insecurity and instability combined with battered infrastructure make that the progress in health indicator had not been that good as they should be compared with many countries in the region. In 2010, the life expectancy 58 years, down from 65 years 30 years prior. By 2011, tuberculosis had reached levels 6 times higher than in Syria and 30 times higher than in Jordan. Between 2000 and 2011, the child immunization rates dropped by 20%.^[3] Iraq have not achieved its Millennium development goals number 4 and 5 by 2015.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative^[4] finds that Iraq is fulfilling 75.0% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.^[5] When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Iraq achieves 93.1% of what is expected based on its current income.^[5] In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves only 86.4% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.^[5] Iraq falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 45.4% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.^[5]