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The charts below show the way in which the Interna/m,./=.m,n.m,n=-p=-mn,p=-m,n-,bp-mn,p-=tional Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to addin.m,n.,n=-mnp,nb,=-bm,ng IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and {{Section link}}: required section parameter(s) missing.nbvcnbvcnb0vcn9ivcn.m,n.nbm,p=-.mn,iyr[u6r[u[u=bvmmb.m,n,bm=-.m,niktfu[tur[d6ud6r[ud6rbnvmpbv.m,nkjy=[ru[d=rd6r[ump=.m,njyfuj[d6rud[u6r-.m,nktfgtf[7[ti=f[t=tbnvb9.m,n.bm=-.mn,kygt.mn,.it.nm,tfiuu[d6r[d6ru.m,n.iku7[ti7[itf 7it7it=7itf[dr6=f=.m.m,.m,n.ikftu[d6r=d6rud=[u6rn.j]=uj;pdru[pd6ru[dr6u,n.it.m,nikjytfu=6ru[dr[u6r=f=/,m.fgtik/m,.k[=kj[ytu=/,m.iktf7[tfpi7[=tfitf7[=ur[u6d6r[i=7tfi[=.m,n.kiti[u6r[u=6rd[ud6r[ur[du[r6u[d6riuptf[u6r[uu=6rd[ud6rf.m,n.iktfrtu6r[du=6r[=e5si[=.m,njfjyur[u6ru[ud6r=/m,.it.mn,.j=ujr.m,n.kgik[tfr[u6rd[u6rpud6r=-pdu6r=-fyiu]=r[6[=r[u=d6r[u6rtu[d6rbnpm=-.m,nk=i;jti7t=i7tu[ud.mn,fujdd6rtu[6ru[d6ru=r[u6ru6rnbpm=b0vnbmnbvmb/m,.idr[durd6=[udrxvc90bixvc9inbmnbvcxvb098vcxb..m,nkgtf=[u[dr[r..nm,.h=.m,nyrfu[rud[=6ru[6ur[u6r/m,.kg=[tfk[tu[rd6u[d6ru[l[h=k[g[ugt.m,nkyfg=y[uju[[u=6r[u6ud6r.m,nigttfu[6ru[drudu6rugt[k[gum,n.nb,n,nbm,[m,[i'.m,n.it[fygt[yuj[yjh[g]utf/itm,n..m.m,n,.nb,[nb,[=,[nb=,[=mn,n..m,n,.=nb[,mn[n[b,b,nm,[b,[nnb/m,.kgf=]iju]j6ru]6drd6r]u[m,nm.mn,.nm,=-m,npm,-bp,=-p,=-b=-vbnpm=-bpvm=-bpm=-vu0bxvc9vc.m,nktg[i=tfi7=[i7tfi7'tf]i \.m,nitf7=[i.nm,tf[i7fi=i=[it=tf=7f=7t=7tfu[tfu[7tn.m,n.utfi;tf=it7f7[tt7tvbn908bv/,nbpnm=-pnbvm=-bp.mn,.kift7u[f7ti7=tfi7=tfnm=-b.m,n.n,=,nb[,=n,[mn,[bmm,.nm,.p=.m,nbnm-=bnpvm=-mnpvmb=-pm-,.,=-mn/m,.m..m.m,n.,nb,[nb=[n,b[,n,n.,b[b[,n,n,n.m,nifi[tfi=[[gty=gyj[=b=,mn,.m,[mn,.[m,n=[m,n.[.,n.bnm.m,nm,=bm[nb=m[bmbvn,b[=nb,[b[,n.nb,=-n-.nm,.mn.m,nnb,n,b[,[nb,[,nbn[bvn[nbv[mb[=b,npp-m,n.pm,n=.pm,n.cni90.m,n.bnm,=-pm,=-bp=-,nbn.m,n.bnvm,=-vnbpm=bpvmni90vcnbb90xvcbicv/m,./,.nm,..mn.mn,.bn.m,n.,mn,[=[=n,=m,[n=,v=[bm[mbv[,.bnm[,nbb[[m,=-nvm[pnbm[pmb===,b/,m..m,n.,=nb=[[=nm[n,/bn,nb,[,n[[nb.nm,m,bmv[nbvm[bmv[mb/m,.,nb=pnb=-p=-bm,npnb,pnvb,[=nb,[n.m,n.mn,mb[vm.m,nmnbmb.m,n.m,=m,p=-nbmp=-mbv.mn,.bm=-nbvpm=mpm=nb[vmnbm=vbv.m,n.bmnbvmnbv.m,nnbm[m,nbv.m,n.nm,bvm[b=vm[bmm[bn=m[bnvmb[mmnb[vm/m,./n,[,nbn[,[,b[=.nm,.m,=-bvm[mb[v[vbm[ nbvcnnb90xcbic90xvbib90xvcnbvcnvbcnb90vcni9vcnb0ib90vnnbvcnvbcn9inb0-.m,n.,m.n.m,n.,p//m,.,.n/m,.nb,[=m,[nb,m,n=m,bvm=bvnm[=vnm[nvmn=-b[nb=,.m,nnb=-,[pbnb[nb[mbm[=,nmm,./,/m,..n,=-nbm=p,n=-,n=--m,np=,p==/.m,/m,./nb,p=-mn=-pm,n/,./m,./m,.=m,.nm,.=[m,.m.m,nm=/m,./.,pm,.n=p.=-pm,.=-m,p-mpnb=mpb=vmp==,pp=-pm,/m,.,nb=-p=-mn,b=-n=-mn,-npnb-,=-/m,..nm,[,-nb=n,=-pm,.m,n=pm,nmnbvxbc09xbvcibvc9i0bxvcmbvnmcvninbvivcnbibvcnnb0vcvcib9vc0ninbmbnvbxcvb90xvcb90x.m,.nm,.nb,pb=,pnb,,nnm,np=-mpnb=pbm=-vbvvci9nbvcnxvc98xvczu908xcvzu98xzvc0xvc90mnbvmbxcv8b9uxnbvcnbvc908xbi0cb9xvixvcb90vcb9c8xvbubxmnbvmbvc90bnvcn90bvcin90vnvbc9vvnbvcnbvcn9nbnbncbvmbnvmbxvc0b9ixvcb90cbixv90xcbvb90xvci0xvcb9cbixvnbvmbvnvbcnvnb90ib9vcnbn90vcinbvmbnvnxvcb90xcvbixcvb0i9xvcb0cnvxc0bxvcib980xivcb90bxvcvcnxvc9nvcbnv98xzuxvc9uxvc9z8xv0xvcbib90xcvib90xvcvcnbvcnbvcn90vbcni0bvcn9i0vcnbicbvn909nbvcnvcbxz90bcdxvi90bvc9i0bxcvbixvc9 Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft mbvnmbvnm908bxvcu98cxvbu98bxvcnbvcnvbcn90vcbnivcnb9i0bxcvbxvcb90xcvbi90xcbxvcnbvcnbvcnvb908cniubvcnb90vcbxvcbxcvbc9xvb8xcbv98bucxvbxcvbxcvbcxvnbvcnvcbnbvc90nvcbvcnb9incbvnbvnb90vcni90vcni0n9vbnbvcnbvcnbv9cn0icb90vnc90bcvb9ixnvcbnvcbnbvcn90vcnb9invcb0bxvc(palatalized) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Sofbxvcbcxvbu908xvcbucb98xvub98xvct consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript Template:Anbvcnbvcnbvcn97ubvcnubvcngbr IPA, are pronounnb8vc9buvc98buvcb98ced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. In native words, /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʐ, ʂ, ts/ are always hard.[1]

See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

Consonants
Hard Soft
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
b бокⓘ[2] boot bʲ бе́лыйⓘ, бьюⓘ beautiful
d датьⓘ; футбо́лⓘ[2] do dʲ де́лоⓘ; ходьба́ⓘ; жени́тьбаⓘ[2] media
dʐ[3] джипⓘ jug dʑ[3] начди́в; дочь быⓘ[2] jig
dz[3] плацда́рмⓘ[2] lads dzʲ[3] дзюдо́[1] lad's young
f фо́рмаⓘ; вы́ставкаⓘ;[2] бо́ровⓘ[4] fool fʲ фина́лⓘ; верфьⓘ; кровьⓘ[4] few
ɡ годⓘ;[5][6] анекдо́тⓘ[2] good ɡʲ геро́йⓘ argue
ɣ/ɦ[7] Го́сподиⓘ; ага́ⓘ;[5] Бог даст; дух бодр[2] loch (Scottish) but voiced ɣʲ двухдверный[2] Loch Ewe (Scottish) but voiced
— j естьⓘ [je-]; ёжⓘ [jɵ-]; югⓘ [ju-]; яⓘ [ja]; майо́рⓘ[8] yes
k костьⓘ; бе́гствоⓘ;[2] флагⓘ[4] scar kʲ кино́ⓘ; секью́рити skew
l луна́ⓘ[9] pill lʲ лесⓘ; больⓘ failure
m мы́лоⓘ moot mʲ мя́соⓘ; семьⓘ mute
n носⓘ noon nʲ нёсⓘ; деньⓘ; ко́нчикⓘ[10] vinyard
p подⓘ; ры́бкаⓘ;[2] зубⓘ[4] span pʲ пе́пелⓘ; цепьⓘ; зыбьⓘ[4] spew
r разⓘ American atom rʲ рядⓘ; зверьⓘ American catty
s соба́каⓘ; ска́зкаⓘ;[2] глазⓘ[4] soup sʲ си́нийⓘ; здесьⓘ; естьⓘ; грызтьⓘ;[2] резьⓘ[4] assume (RP)
ʂ широ́кийⓘ; кни́жкаⓘ;[2] мужⓘ;[4] чтоⓘ[11] rush ɕː щека́ⓘ; счита́тьⓘ; мужчи́наⓘ[2][12] wish sheep
t тоⓘ; во́дкаⓘ;[2] лёдⓘ[4] stand tʲ теньⓘ; дитя́ⓘ; путьⓘ; грудьⓘ[4] stew (RP)
ts[3] цена́ⓘ; нра́витьсяⓘ cats tsʲ[3] Цю́рих[1] cat's young
tʂ[3] ко́лледжⓘ[4] chop tɕ[3] чайⓘ; течьⓘ chip
v выⓘ; его́;[6] афга́н[2] voodoo vʲ весьⓘ; вью́гаⓘ view
x ходⓘ; Богⓘ[5] loch (Scottish); ugh xʲ хи́трыйⓘ; Хью́стон; лёгкийⓘ[5] huge (for some dialects)
z зубⓘ; сборⓘ[2] zoo zʲ зима́ⓘ; резьба́; жизньⓘ; про́сьбаⓘ[2] presume (RP)
ʐ жестⓘ; кешбэ́к[2] pleasure ʑː по́зжеⓘ;[13] вещдо́к[2] prestige genre
Stressed vowels
[-soft] [+soft]
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
a трава́ⓘ father (Australian English) æ пятьⓘ; ча́стьⓘ[14] pat
ɛ жестⓘ; э́тотⓘ met e пеньⓘ; э́тикаⓘ[14] mace
ɨ тыⓘ; ши́шкаⓘ; с и́грами roses (for some dialects) i ли́нияⓘ; и́лиⓘ meet
o о́блакоⓘ; шёпотⓘ chore ɵ тётяⓘ; плечо́ⓘ[14] foot
u пу́ляⓘ cool ʉ чутьⓘ; лю́диⓘ[14] choose
Unstressed vowels
[-soft] [+soft]
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
ə ко́жаⓘ; о́блакоⓘ; се́рдцеⓘ; собира́тьⓘ[15] about ə во́ляⓘ; сего́дняⓘ; ку́чаⓘ[16] lasagna
ɐ облака́ⓘ; како́йⓘ; сообража́тьⓘ; тропа́ⓘ[15] bud ɪ лиса́ⓘ; четы́реⓘ; тяжёлыйⓘ; де́вятьⓘ; часы́ⓘ[17] bit
ɛ тетра́эдр; поэте́сса[18] met
ɨ дыша́тьⓘ; жена́ⓘ; во́дыⓘ; эта́пⓘ; к Ива́ну roses (for some dialects)
o ра́диоⓘ; поэте́сса[18] chore ɵ ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст[14][19] foot
ʊ мужчи́наⓘ pull ʉ чуде́сныйⓘ; люби́тьⓘ[14] youth
Suprasegmental
IPA Example Explanation
ˈ четы́реⓘ [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable
ː сза́диⓘ [ˈzːadʲɪ][2] consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant
  1. ^ a b c Even though /ts/ and its voicing [dz] are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h The affricates [ts], [tɕ], and [tʂ] (and their voiced counterparts [dz], [dʑ], and [dʐ]) are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s], [t͡ɕ], and [t͡ʂ] ([d͡z], [d͡ʑ], and [d͡ʐ]). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
  5. ^ a b c d ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or (word-finally) [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Госпо́дь [ɣɐsˈpotʲ] and Богⓘ [box], and in the interjections ага́ⓘ, ого́ⓘ, Го́сподиⓘ, ей-бо́гуⓘ, and also in бухга́лтерⓘ [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.
  6. ^ a b Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (сего́дняⓘ, сего́дняшнийⓘ, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).
  7. ^ In particles and interjections.
  8. ^ The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ё, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ё⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
  9. ^ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
  10. ^ Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
  11. ^ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
  12. ^ ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
  13. ^ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
  14. ^ a b c d e f Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
  15. ^ a b Unstressed /a/ and /o/ regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced [ɐ] in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and [ə] in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to [ɐ] only immediately before the stress, being realized [ə] otherwise.
  16. ^ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
  17. ^ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.[citation needed]
  18. ^ a b In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
  19. ^ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in words of foreign origin.

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