Heparan sulfate

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide found in all animal tissues.^[1] It occurs as a proteoglycan (HSPG, i.e. Heparan Sulfate ProteoGlycan) in which two or three HS chains are attached in close proximity to cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins.^[2]^[3] In this form, HS binds to a variety of protein ligands, including Wnt,^[4]^[5] and regulates a wide range of biological activities, including developmental processes, angiogenesis, blood coagulation, abolishing detachment activity by GrB (Granzyme B),^[6] and tumour metastasis. HS has also been shown to serve as cellular receptor for a number of viruses, including the respiratory syncytial virus.^[7] One study suggests that cellular heparan sulfate has a role in SARS-CoV-2 Infection, particularly when the virus attaches with ACE2.^[8]

^ Medeiros GF, Mendes A, Castro RA, Baú EC, Nader HB, Dietrich CP (July 2000). "Distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the animal kingdom: widespread occurrence of heparin-like compounds in invertebrates". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1475 (3): 287–94. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(00)00079-9. PMID 10913828.
^ Gallagher JT, Lyon M (2000). "Molecular structure of Heparan Sulfate and interactions with growth factors and morphogens". In Iozzo MV (ed.). Proteoglycans: structure, biology and molecular interactions. New York, New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. pp. 27–59.
^ Iozzo RV (1998). "Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 67: 609–52. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.609. PMID 9759499. S2CID 14638091.
^ Gao W, Kim H, Feng M, Phung Y, Xavier CP, Rubin JS, Ho M (August 2014). "Inactivation of Wnt signaling by a human antibody that recognizes the heparan sulfate chains of glypican-3 for liver cancer therapy". Hepatology. 60 (2): 576–87. doi:10.1002/hep.26996. PMC 4083010. PMID 24492943.
^ Cite error: The named reference Gao 26245 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Buzza MS, Zamurs L, Sun J, Bird CH, Smith AI, Trapani JA, et al. (June 2005). "Extracellular matrix remodeling by human granzyme B via cleavage of vitronectin, fibronectin, and laminin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (25): 23549–58. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412001200. PMID 15843372.
^ Hallak LK, Spillmann D, Collins PL, Peeples ME (November 2000). "Glycosaminoglycan sulfation requirements for respiratory syncytial virus infection". Journal of Virology. 74 (22): 10508–13. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.22.10508-10513.2000. PMC 110925. PMID 11044095.
^ Clausen TM, Sandoval DR, Spliid CB, Pihl J, Perrett HR, Painter CD, et al. (14 September 2020). "SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2". The Journal of Cell. 183 (4): 1043–1057.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.033. PMC 7489987. PMID 32970989.

[1] Medeiros GF, Mendes A, Castro RA, Baú EC, Nader HB, Dietrich CP (July 2000). "Distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the animal kingdom: widespread occurrence of heparin-like compounds in invertebrates". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1475 (3): 287–94. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(00)00079-9. PMID 10913828.

[2] Gallagher JT, Lyon M (2000). "Molecular structure of Heparan Sulfate and interactions with growth factors and morphogens". In Iozzo MV (ed.). Proteoglycans: structure, biology and molecular interactions. New York, New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. pp. 27–59.

[3] Iozzo RV (1998). "Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 67: 609–52. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.609. PMID 9759499. S2CID 14638091.

[Gao_576–587-4] Gao W, Kim H, Feng M, Phung Y, Xavier CP, Rubin JS, Ho M (August 2014). "Inactivation of Wnt signaling by a human antibody that recognizes the heparan sulfate chains of glypican-3 for liver cancer therapy". Hepatology. 60 (2): 576–87. doi:10.1002/hep.26996. PMC 4083010. PMID 24492943.

[Gao_26245-5] Cite error: The named reference Gao 26245 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[6] Buzza MS, Zamurs L, Sun J, Bird CH, Smith AI, Trapani JA, et al. (June 2005). "Extracellular matrix remodeling by human granzyme B via cleavage of vitronectin, fibronectin, and laminin". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (25): 23549–58. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412001200. PMID 15843372.

[7] Hallak LK, Spillmann D, Collins PL, Peeples ME (November 2000). "Glycosaminoglycan sulfation requirements for respiratory syncytial virus infection". Journal of Virology. 74 (22): 10508–13. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.22.10508-10513.2000. PMC 110925. PMID 11044095.

[8] Clausen TM, Sandoval DR, Spliid CB, Pihl J, Perrett HR, Painter CD, et al. (14 September 2020). "SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2". The Journal of Cell. 183 (4): 1043–1057.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.033. PMC 7489987. PMID 32970989.

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