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| Herod | |
|---|---|
 Herod's sarcophagus, displayed at the Israel Museum | |
| Roman client king of Judea | |
| Reign | 37–4 BCE (Schürer) 36–1 BCE (Filmer)[1] |
| Predecessor | Monarchy established |
| Successor | |
| Born | c. 72 BCE Idumea, Hasmonean Judea |
| Died | March–April 4 BCE (Schürer) or January–April 1 BCE (Filmer) Jericho, Judea |
| Burial | Most likely the Herodium |
| Spouse |
|
| Issue among others | |
| Dynasty | Herodian |
| Father | Antipater the Idumaean |
| Mother | Cypros |
| Religion | Second Temple Judaism |
Herod I[2][3][a] or Herod the Great (c. 72 BCE – c. 4 BCE) was a Roman Jewish client king of the Herodian Kingdom of Judea.[4][5][6] He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea. Among these works are the rebuilding of the Second Temple in Jerusalem and the expansion of its base[7][8][9]—the Western Wall being part of it. Vital details of his life are recorded in the works of the 1st century CE Roman–Jewish historian Josephus.[10]
Herod also appears in the Christian Gospel of Matthew as the ruler of Judea who orders the Massacre of the Innocents at the time of the birth of Jesus, although most Herod biographers do not believe that this event occurred (subsequent references to "Herod" in the New Testament relating to the Roman-appointed Galilean ruler Herod Antipas).[11] Despite his successes, including single-handedly forging a new aristocracy from practically nothing,[12] he has still been criticized by various historians. His reign polarizes opinion among historians, some viewing his legacy as evidence of success, and some viewing it as a reminder of his tyrannical rule.[10]
While Herod the Great is described in the Christian Bible as the author of the Massacre of the Innocents, the remainder of the Biblical references to the "two Herods of the Bible" are all ascribed to Herod Antipas, Herod the Great's son. Upon Herod's death in 4 BCE, the Romans divided his kingdom among three of his sons and his sister: his son Herod Antipas received the tetrarchy of Galilee and Peraea.
Other family members of Herod the Great include Herod's son Herod Archelaus who became ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea; Herod's son Philip who became tetrarch of territories north and east of the Jordan River; and Herod's sister Salome I, who was given a toparchy including the cities of Jabneh, Ashdod, and Phasaelis.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Steinmann 2009, pp. 1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Judaicawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
JEwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Perowne 2003, pp. 92–93.
- ^ Peters, Francis E. (2005). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II: The Words and Will of God The Words And Will of God. Princeton University Press.
- ^ Kasher, Aryeh; Witztum, Eliezer (2007). King Herod: a persecuted persecutor : a case study in psychohistory and psychobiography. Translation by Karen Gold. Walter de Gruyter.
- ^ Antiquities of the Jews, 15.11.6.
- ^ Cf. Babylonian Talmud (Ta'anit 23a).
- Herod the Great rebuilt the Temple sanctuary and expanded the Temple Mount at its north side around the older Temple courts, and "enclosed an area double the former size." Formerly, according to the Mishnah (Middot 2:1), the Temple Mount had measured 500 cubits x 500 cubits square, and its expansion was done to accommodate the pilgrims.
- ^ The Jewish War, 1.21.1.
- ^ a b Schwartz, Seth (2014). "Herod to Florus". The Ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–62. ISBN 978-1-107-04127-1.
- ^ Maier, Paul L. (1998). "Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem". In Summers, Ray; Vardaman, Jerry (eds.). Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers. Mercer University Press. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-0-86554-582-3.
- ^ Cohen 1999, p. 269.
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