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Ho language

This article is about the Austroasiatic language of India. For the Tibeto-Burman language also known as Ho of China, Vietnam and Laos, see Hani language.

Ho
𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜, हो जगर, ହୋ ଜାଗାର
'Hoo Jagar' written in Warang Chiti
Pronunciation/hoː d͡ʑägär/
Native toIndia
EthnicityHo people
Native speakers
1,421,418 (2011 census)[1]
Warang Chiti, Devanagari, Bengali–Assamese, Latin script, Odia script[2]
Official status
Official language in
 India
Language codes
ISO 639-3hoc
Glottologhooo1248
Ho language speaking region
Ho is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[3]
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Ho (Ho pronunciation: [hoː dʑägär], Warang Chiti: 𑢹𑣉𑣉 𑣎𑣋𑣜[citation needed]) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken primarily in India by about 2.2 million people (0.202% of India's population) per the 2001 census. It is spoken by the Ho, Munda, Kolha and Kol tribal communities of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal and Assam[4] and is written using Warang Chiti script. Devanagari, Latin and Odia script are also used,[5] although native speakers are said to prefer Warang Chiti, invented by Lako Bodra.[6]

The name Ho is derived from the native word hoo meaning human being,[7] with cognates in its sister languages hoṛo in Mundari, ho̠ṛ in Santali and koro in Korku.

Ho is closely related to Mundari and Santali. Ho and Mundari are often described as sister languages.[7][8] Ho is closer to the Hasadaḱ dialect of Mundari than the other varieties spoken in Jharkhand.[9] While being ethnically and linguistically close, Ho and Mundari speakers form distinct regional identities.

  1. ^ "C-16 POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  2. ^ "Scripts of Ho". Scriptsource.org. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  3. ^ Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexander, eds. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (PDF) (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022.
  4. ^ "Tribals seek official tag for Ho (𑢹𑣉𑣉) language - OrissaPOST". 27 October 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
  5. ^ "The Warang Chiti Alphabet". Swarthmore.edu. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  6. ^ K David Harrison; Gregory Anderson. "Review of Proposal for Encoding Warang Chiti (Hoorthography) in Unicode" (PDF). Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  7. ^ a b "Ho (𑢹𑣉𑣉) Web Sketch:Ho (𑢹𑣉𑣉) writing" (PDF). Livingtongues.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  8. ^ Anderson, Gregory S., ed. (2008). The Munda languages (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32890-6.
  9. ^ Hoffmann, John (1932). Encyclopaedia Mundarica. Patna: Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa. p. 1763.

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