Hookworm infection

Hookworm infection
Other names	Hookworm disease
Hookworms
Specialty	Infectious disease
Symptoms	Itchiness, localized rash, abdominal pain, diarrhea[1]
Complications	Anemia, protein deficiency[2]
Causes	Ancylostoma duodenale (old world hookworm), Necator americanus (new world hookworm)[1]
Risk factors	Walking barefoot in warm climates with poor sanitation[1]
Diagnostic method	Stool sample[1]
Prevention	Not walking barefoot, stopping outdoor defecation[1]
Medication	Albendazole, mebendazole, iron supplements[3]
Frequency	428 million (2015)[4]

Hookworm infection is an infection by a type of intestinal parasite known as a hookworm.^[1][5] Initially, itching and a rash may occur at the site of infection. Those only affected by a few worms may show no symptoms. Those infected by many worms may experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and tiredness. The mental and physical development of children may be affected. Anemia may result.^[1]

Two common hookworm infections in humans are ancylostomiasis and necatoriasis, caused by the species Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus respectively. Hookworm eggs are deposited in the stools of infected people. If these end up in the environment, they can hatch into larvae (immature worms), which can then penetrate the skin. One type can also be spread through contaminated food. Risk factors include walking barefoot in warm climates, where sanitation is poor. Diagnosis is by examination of a stool sample with a microscope.^[1]

Risk of infection can be reduced on an individual level by not walking barefoot in areas where the disease is common. At a population level, decreasing outdoor defecation, not using raw feces as fertilizer, and mass deworming are effective.^[1] Treatment is typically with the medications albendazole or mebendazole for one to three days. Iron supplements may be needed in those with anemia.^[3]

Hookworms infected about 428 million people in 2015.^[4] Heavy infections can occur in both children and adults, but are less common in adults.^[2] They are rarely fatal.^[6] Hookworm infection is a soil-transmitted helminthiasis and classified as a neglected tropical disease.^[7]