Back حقوق الإنسان في الصين Arabic Menschenrechte in der Volksrepublik China German Ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα στην Κίνα Greek Derechos humanos en la República Popular China Spanish حقوق بشر در جمهوری خلق چین Persian Ihmisoikeudet Kiinassa Finnish Droits de l'homme en république populaire de Chine French 'Yancin Dan Adam a kasar Sin Hausa זכויות האדם בסין HE Hak asasi manusia di Tiongkok ID
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Human rights in the People's Republic of China are poor, as per reviews by international bodies, such as human rights treaty bodies and the United Nations Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review.[1] The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC), their supporters, and other proponents claim that existing policies and enforcement measures are sufficient to guard against human rights abuses. However, other countries (such as the United States and Canada), international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) including Human Rights in China and Amnesty International, and citizens, lawyers, and dissidents inside the country, state that the authorities in mainland China regularly sanction or organize such abuses.
Independent NGOs such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, as well as foreign governmental institutions such as the U.S. State Department, regularly present evidence of the PRC violating the freedoms of speech, movement, and religion of its citizens and of others within its jurisdiction. Authorities in the PRC claim improvement in human rights, as they define them differently, so as to be dependent on "national culture" and the level of development of the country.[2][3][4] However, governments have a duty to promote and protect all human rights universally, regardless of their national circumstances.[5] PRC politicians have repeatedly maintained that, according to the PRC Constitution, the "Four Cardinal Principles" supersede citizens' rights. PRC officials interpret the primacy of the Four Cardinal Principles as a legal basis for the arrest of people who the government says seek to overthrow the principles. Chinese nationals whom authorities perceive to be in compliance with these principles, on the other hand, are permitted by the PRC authorities to enjoy and exercise all the rights that come with citizenship of the PRC, provided they do not violate PRC laws in any other manner.
Numerous human rights groups have publicized human rights issues in mainland China that they consider the government to be mishandling, including:
- the death penalty (capital punishment),
- the one-child policy (prior to abolishing it in 2015),
- the political and legal status of Tibet,
- neglect of freedom of the press in mainland China,
- the lack of an independent judiciary, rule of law, and due process,
- the severe lack of workers' rights (in particular the hukou system which restricts migrant labourers' freedom of movement),
- the absence of labour unions independent of the CCP,[6][7]
- the implementation of the Social Credit System and its blacklist, which serve to restrict a person and their family members' rights,[8][9]
- allegations of discrimination against rural workers and ethnic minorities,
- the lack of religious freedom – rights groups have highlighted repression of the Christian,[10][11][12][13][14][15] Tibetan Buddhist, Uyghur Muslim, and Falun Gong religious groups.
Some Chinese activist groups are trying to expand these freedoms, including Human Rights in China, Chinese Human Rights Defenders, and the China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group. Chinese human rights attorneys who take on cases related to these issues, however, often face harassment, disbarment, and arrest.[16][17]
According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), Xi Jinping has "started a broad and sustained offensive on human rights" since he became General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012.[18] Since taking power, Xi has cracked down on grassroots activism, with hundreds being detained.[19] He presided over the 709 crackdown on 9 July 2015, which saw more than 200 lawyers, legal assistants and human rights activists being detained.[20][21] HRW also said that repression in China is "at its worst level since the Tiananmen Square massacre."[22]
According to the Amnesty International report from 2016/2017, the government continued to draft and enact a series of new national security laws that presented serious threats to the protection of human rights. The nationwide crackdown on human rights lawyers and activists continued throughout the year. Activists and human rights defenders continued to be systematically subjected to monitoring, harassment, intimidation, arrest, and detention.[23] The report continues that police detained increasing numbers of human rights defenders outside of formal detention facilities, sometimes without access to a lawyer for long periods, exposing the detainees to the risk of torture and other ill-treatment. Booksellers, publishers, activists, and a journalist who went missing in neighboring countries in 2015 and 2016 turned up at detention in China, causing concerns about China's law enforcement agencies acting outside their jurisdiction.[23]
In a human rights report that assesses social, economic, and political freedoms, China has received the lowest ranking globally for safety from state actions and the right to assemble.[24][23]
- ^ "China". Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ "Human rights can be manifested differently". China Daily. Beijing. 12 December 2005. Archived from the original on 9 December 2007 – via Xinhua News Agency.
- ^ Richard McGregor (2022). "The CPC as a Global Force: A Long-Term View". In Frank N. Pieke; Bert Hofman (eds.). CPC Futures: The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-981-18-5206-0. OCLC 1354535847.
The Western concept focuses on political values and rights. China, in line with its own domestic politics, insists that this is too narrow and that human rights norms should be focused on economic outcomes, material well-being, and the inviolability of national sovereignty.
- ^ "Progress in China's Human Rights Cause in 1996". Beijing: State Council Information Office. March 1997. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2008 – via China Internet Information Center.
- ^ "Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action". Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 25 June 1993. paragraph I.5. Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ "Trade Union Law and Collective Bargaining in China". China Business Review. 21 April 2017. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ 中华全国总工会网站. acftu.org (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
- ^ "Social Credit System in China: Why it is so scary". 10 November 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ^ "The Social Credit System: Not Just Another Chinese Idiosyncrasy". 1 May 2020.
- ^ "Christians face waves of persecution". 24 November 2001. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ "Religious freedom: Christians and lions | The Economist". 31 December 2012. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ "Chinese government persecutes dissidents | TheCabin.net – Conway, Arkansas". Log Cabin Democrat. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- ^ McGeown, Kate (9 November 2004). "Asia-Pacific | China's Christians suffer for their faith". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ "China's Crackdown on Christians Worsens, Christian News". 7 February 2008. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ Department of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (19 September 2008). "China includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau". Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ Human Rights Watch. Walking on Thin Ice Archived 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine 28 April 2008.
- ^ Amnesty International, "China: No Rule of Law when Defence Lawyers Cannot Perform their Legitimate Role" Archived 11 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 5 October 2010
- ^ "China: Events of 2017". World Report 2018: Rights Trends in China. Human Rights Watch. 9 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
- ^ "China widens crackdown against grassroot activists". Financial Times. 9 May 2019. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ Sudworth, John (22 May 2017). "Wang Quanzhang: The lawyer who simply vanished". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ "Chinese dream turns sour for activists under Xi Jinping". Bangkok Post. 10 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
- ^ Withnall, Adam (17 January 2019). "Repression in China at worst level since Tiananmen Square, HRW warns". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
- ^ a b c "Human rights in China". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ^ Hawkins, Amy (21 June 2023). "China is state most dangerous to its own citizens' civil rights, report finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
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