Back التصنيف البشري Arabic Taxonomía humana Spanish آرایهشناسی انسان Persian د انسانانو ډلبندي یا ټکسانومي Pashto/Pushto Taxonomia humana Portuguese
| Homo ("humans") Temporal range: Piacenzian-Present,
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Hominidae |
| Subfamily: | Homininae |
| Tribe: | Hominini |
| Subtribe: | Hominina |
| Genus: | Homo Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Type species | |
| Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758
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| Species | |
other species or subspecies suggested | |
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Synonyms
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Human taxonomy is the classification of the human species (systematic name Homo sapiens, Latin: "wise man") within zoological taxonomy. The systematic genus, Homo, is designed to include both anatomically modern humans and extinct varieties of archaic humans. Current humans have been designated as subspecies Homo sapiens sapiens, differentiated, according to some, from the direct ancestor, Homo sapiens idaltu (with some other research instead classifying idaltu and current humans as belonging to the same subspecies[1][2][3]).
Since the introduction of systematic names in the 18th century, knowledge of human evolution has increased drastically, and a number of intermediate taxa have been proposed in the 20th and early 21st centuries. The most widely accepted taxonomy grouping takes the genus Homo as originating between two and three million years ago, divided into at least two species, archaic Homo erectus and modern Homo sapiens, with about a dozen further suggestions for species without universal recognition.
The genus Homo is placed in the tribe Hominini alongside Pan (chimpanzees). The two genera are estimated to have diverged over an extended time of hybridization, spanning roughly 10 to 6 million years ago, with possible admixture as late as 4 million years ago. A subtribe of uncertain validity, grouping archaic "pre-human" or "para-human" species younger than the Homo-Pan split, is Australopithecina (proposed in 1939).
A proposal by Wood and Richmond (2000) would introduce Hominina as a subtribe alongside Australopithecina, with Homo the only known genus within Hominina. Alternatively, following Cela-Conde and Ayala (2003), the "pre-human" or "proto-human" genera of Australopithecus, Ardipithecus, Praeanthropus, and possibly Sahelanthropus, may be placed on equal footing alongside the genus Homo. An even more extreme view rejects the division of Pan and Homo as separate genera, which based on the Principle of Priority would imply the reclassification of chimpanzees as Homo paniscus (or similar).[4]
Categorizing humans based on inherited phenotypes is a socially controversial subject, because phenomes are indicative of a species. Carl Linnaeus originally classified Homo Sapiens with four-footed hairy apes.[5] Charles Darwin provided evidence for classifying the races as separate or the same species, since considering them the same species was controversial at the time. [6] Taxonomy of the hominins continues to evolve.[7][8] Reticulate evolution has been found to shape the evolution of plants and animals, which include humans, archaic humans, and non-human primates.[9][10][11] This body of evidence supports the theory of multi-regional evolution.
- ^ Stringer, Chris (June 12, 2003). "Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6941): 693–695. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..692S. doi:10.1038/423692a. PMID 12802315. S2CID 26693109.
- ^ "Herto skulls (Homo sapiens idaltu)". talkorigins org. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
- ^ Stringer, C. (2016). "The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 371 (1698): 20150237. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237. PMC 4920294. PMID 27298468.
- ^ Jared Diamond in The Third Chimpanzee (1991), and Morris Goodman (2003) Hecht, Jeff (May 19, 2003). "Chimps are human, gene study implies". New Scientist. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ "A general system of nature, : Through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties". 1806.
- ^ "The Descent of Man". 1896.
- ^ K. Wagner, Jennifer (2016). "Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 162 (2): 318–327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. PMC 5299519. PMID 27874171.
- ^ "AAA Statement on Race". American Anthropological Association.
- ^ Winder, Isabelle C.; Winder, Nick P. (July 2014). "Reticulate evolution and the human past: an anthropological perspective". Annals of Human Biology. 41 (4): 300–311. doi:10.3109/03014460.2014.922613. PMID 24932745.
- ^ Gao, Xing; Zhang, XiaoLing; Yang, DongYa; Shen, Chen; Wu, XinZhi (December 2010). "Revisiting the origin of modern humans in China and its implications for global human evolution". Science China Earth Sciences. 53 (12): 1927–1940. Bibcode:2010ScChD..53.1927G. doi:10.1007/s11430-010-4099-4.
- ^ Caparros, Miguel; Prat, Sandrine (April 2021). "A Phylogenetic Networks perspective on reticulate human evolution". iScience. 24 (4): 102359. Bibcode:2021iSci...24j2359C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102359. PMC 8054162. PMID 33898948.
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