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Hydrogen production

Hydrogen gas is produced by several industrial methods. Nearly all of the world's current supply of hydrogen is created from fossil fuels.[1][2]: 1  Most hydrogen is gray hydrogen made through steam methane reforming. In this process, hydrogen is produced from a chemical reaction between steam and methane, the main component of natural gas. Producing one tonne of hydrogen through this process emits 6.6–9.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide.[3] When carbon capture and storage is used to remove a large fraction of these emissions, the product is known as blue hydrogen.[4]

Green hydrogen is usually understood to be produced from renewable electricity via electrolysis of water.[5][6] Less frequently, definitions of green hydrogen include hydrogen produced from other low-emission sources such as biomass.[7] Producing green hydrogen is currently more expensive than producing gray hydrogen, and the efficiency of energy conversion is inherently low.[8] Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass gasification, methane pyrolysis, and extraction of underground hydrogen.[9][10]

As of 2023, less than 1% of dedicated hydrogen production is low-carbon, i.e. blue hydrogen, green hydrogen, and hydrogen produced from biomass.[11]

In 2020, roughly 87 million tons of hydrogen was produced[12] worldwide for various uses, such as oil refining, in the production of ammonia through the Haber process, and in the production of methanol through reduction of carbon monoxide. The global hydrogen generation market was fairly valued at US$155 billion in 2022, and expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 9.3% from 2023 to 2030.[13]

  1. ^ Reed, Stanley; Ewing, Jack (13 July 2021). "Hydrogen Is One Answer to Climate Change. Getting It Is the Hard Part". The New York Times.
  2. ^ Rosenow, Jan (27 September 2022). "Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review". Joule. 6 (10): 2225–2228. Bibcode:2022Joule...6.2225R. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015. S2CID 252584593. Article in press.
  3. ^ Bonheure, Mike; Vandewalle, Laurien A.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (March 2021). "Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries". CEP Magazine. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  4. ^ Griffiths, Steve; Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Kim, Jinsoo; Bazilian, Morgan; Uratani, Joao M. (October 2021). "Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options". Energy Research & Social Science. 80: 102208. Bibcode:2021ERSS...8002208G. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208.
  5. ^ Squadrito, Gaetano; Maggio, Gaetano; Nicita, Agatino (November 2023). "The green hydrogen revolution". Renewable Energy. 216: 119041. Bibcode:2023REne..21619041S. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Squadrito, Gaetano; Maggio, Gaetano; Nicita, Agatino (November 2023). "The green hydrogen revolution". Renewable Energy. 216: 119041. Bibcode:2023REne..21619041S. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041.
  8. ^ Evans, Simon; Gabbatiss, Josh (30 November 2020). "In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change?". Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  9. ^ "Natural Hydrogen: A Potential Clean Energy Source Beneath Our Feet". Yale E360. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  10. ^ Hassanpouryouzband, Aliakbar; Wilkinson, Mark; Haszeldine, R Stuart (2024). "Hydrogen energy futures – foraging or farming?". Chemical Society Reviews. 53 (5): 2258–2263. doi:10.1039/D3CS00723E. hdl:20.500.11820/b23e204c-744e-44f6-8cf5-b6761775260d. PMID 38323342.
  11. ^ "Hydrogen". IEA. 10 July 2023. "Energy" section. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  12. ^ Collins, Leigh (2021-05-18). "A net-zero world 'would require 306 million tonnes of green hydrogen per year by 2050': IEA | Recharge". Recharge | Latest renewable energy news. Archived from the original on 2021-05-21.
  13. ^ "Global Hydrogen Generation Market Size Report, 2030".

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