Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide
Ball-and-stick model of hydrogen sulfide	Spacefill model of hydrogen sulfide Sulfur, S Hydrogen, H
Names
	Systematic IUPAC name Hydrogen sulfide
	Other names Dihydrogen monosulfide; Sour gas; Dihydrogen sulfide; Sewer gas; Egg gas; Sulfane; Sulfurated hydrogen; Sulfureted hydrogen; Sulfuretted hydrogen; Sulfur hydride; Hydrosulfuric acid; Hydrothionic acid; Thiohydroxic acid; Sulfhydric acid;
Identifiers
CAS Number	7783-06-4 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
3DMet	B01206;
Beilstein Reference	3535004
ChEBI	CHEBI:16136 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1200739 ;
ChemSpider	391 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.070
EC Number	231-977-3;
Gmelin Reference	303
KEGG	C00283 ;
MeSH	Hydrogen+sulfide
PubChem CID	402;
RTECS number	MX1225000;
UNII	YY9FVM7NSN ;
UN number	1053
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID4024149 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/H2S/h1H2 Key: RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/H2S/h1H2 Key: RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYAJ;
	SMILES S;
Properties
Chemical formula	H2S
Molar mass	34.08 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless gas
Odor	Foul, pungent, like that of rotten eggs
Density	1.539 g.L−1 (0°C)
Melting point	−85.5 °C (−121.9 °F; 187.7 K)
Boiling point	−59.55 °C (−75.19 °F; 213.60 K)
Solubility in water	3.980 g dm−3 (at 20 °C)
Vapor pressure	1740 kPa (at 21 °C)
Acidity (pKa)	7.0
Conjugate acid	Sulfonium
Conjugate base	Bisulfide
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−25.5·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.000644 (0 °C)
Structure
Point group	C2v
Molecular shape	Bent
Dipole moment	0.97 D
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	1.003 J K−1 g−1
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	206 J mol−1 K−1
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−21 kJ mol−1
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Flammable and highly toxic
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H220, H330, H400
Precautionary statements	P210, P260, P271, P273, P284, P304+P340, P310, P320, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	4 4 0
Flash point	−82.4 °C (−116.3 °F; 190.8 K)
Autoignition; temperature	232 °C (450 °F; 505 K)
Explosive limits	4.3–46%
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LC50 (median concentration)	713 ppm (rat, 1 hr); 673 ppm (mouse, 1 hr); 634 ppm (mouse, 1 hr); 444 ppm (rat, 4 hr);
LCLo (lowest published)	600 ppm (human, 30 min); 800 ppm (human, 5 min);
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	C 20 ppm; 50 ppm [10-minute maximum peak]
REL (Recommended)	C 10 ppm (15 mg/m3) [10-minute]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	100 ppm
Related compounds
Related hydrogen chalcogenides	Water; Hydrogen selenide; Hydrogen telluride; Hydrogen polonide; Hydrogen disulfide; Sulfanyl;
Related compounds	Phosphine
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula H₂S. It is a colorless chalcogen-hydride gas, and is poisonous, corrosive, and flammable, with trace amounts in ambient atmosphere having a characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.^[11] Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele is credited with having discovered the chemical composition of purified hydrogen sulfide in 1777.^[12]

Hydrogen sulfide is toxic to humans and most other animals by inhibiting cellular respiration in a manner similar to hydrogen cyanide. When it is inhaled or its salts are ingested in high amounts, damage to organs occurs rapidly with symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to convulsions and death.^[13]^[14] Despite this, the human body produces small amounts of this sulfide and its mineral salts, and uses it as a signalling molecule.^[15]

Hydrogen sulfide is often produced from the microbial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps and sewers; this process is commonly known as anaerobic digestion, which is done by sulfate-reducing microorganisms. It also occurs in volcanic gases, natural gas deposits, and sometimes in well-drawn water.

^ "Hydrogen Sulfide - PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
^ ^a ^b Patnaik, Pradyot (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.
^ ^a ^b William M. Haynes (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 4–87. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3.
^ "Hydrogen sulfide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
^ Perrin, D.D. (1982). Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution (2nd ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
^ Bruckenstein, S.; Kolthoff, I.M., in Kolthoff, I.M.; Elving, P.J. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1, pt. 1; Wiley, NY, 1959, pp. 432–433.
^ ^a ^b Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A23. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0337". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ ^a ^b "Hydrogen sulfide". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ "Hydrogen sulfide". npi.gov.au.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Smith, Roger P. (2010). "A Short History of Hydrogen Sulfide". American Scientist. 98 (1): 6. doi:10.1511/2010.82.6.
^ Shackelford, R. E.; Li, Y.; Ghali, G. E.; Kevil, C. G. (2021). "Bad Smells and Broken DNA: A Tale of Sulfur-Nucleic Acid Cooperation". Antioxidants. 10 (11): 1820. doi:10.3390/antiox10111820. PMC 8614844. PMID 34829691.
^ Reiffenstein, R. J.; Hulbert, W. C.; Roth, S. H. (1992). "Toxicology of Hydrogen Sulfide". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 32: 109–134. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.32.040192.000545. PMID 1605565.
^ Bos, E. M; Van Goor, H; Joles, J. A; Whiteman, M; Leuvenink, H. G (2015). "Hydrogen sulfide: Physiological properties and therapeutic potential in ischaemia". British Journal of Pharmacology. 172 (6): 1479–1493. doi:10.1111/bph.12869. PMC 4369258. PMID 25091411.

[pubchem-1] "Hydrogen Sulfide - PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.

[Pradyot_Patnaik-2] Patnaik, Pradyot (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.

[crc97-3] William M. Haynes (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 4–87. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3.

[4] "Hydrogen sulfide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

[5] Perrin, D.D. (1982). Ionisation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution (2nd ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

[6] Bruckenstein, S.; Kolthoff, I.M., in Kolthoff, I.M.; Elving, P.J. Treatise on Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1, pt. 1; Wiley, NY, 1959, pp. 432–433.

[b1-7] Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A23. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.

[PGCH-8] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0337". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[IDLH-9] "Hydrogen sulfide". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[10] "Hydrogen sulfide". npi.gov.au.

[11] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[americansci-12] Smith, Roger P. (2010). "A Short History of Hydrogen Sulfide". American Scientist. 98 (1): 6. doi:10.1511/2010.82.6.

[13] Shackelford, R. E.; Li, Y.; Ghali, G. E.; Kevil, C. G. (2021). "Bad Smells and Broken DNA: A Tale of Sulfur-Nucleic Acid Cooperation". Antioxidants. 10 (11): 1820. doi:10.3390/antiox10111820. PMC 8614844. PMID 34829691.

[14] Reiffenstein, R. J.; Hulbert, W. C.; Roth, S. H. (1992). "Toxicology of Hydrogen Sulfide". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 32: 109–134. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.32.040192.000545. PMID 1605565.

[15] Bos, E. M; Van Goor, H; Joles, J. A; Whiteman, M; Leuvenink, H. G (2015). "Hydrogen sulfide: Physiological properties and therapeutic potential in ischaemia". British Journal of Pharmacology. 172 (6): 1479–1493. doi:10.1111/bph.12869. PMC 4369258. PMID 25091411.

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