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Ibn Khaldun

For the horse, see Ibn Khaldun (horse).

Ibn Khaldun
ابن خلدون
Bust of Ibn Khaldun in the entrance of the Kasbah of Bejaia, Algeria
Personal life
Born27 May 1332
Tunis, Hafsid Sultanate
Died17 March 1406 (1406-03-18) (aged 73)
Cairo, Mamluk Sultanate
Main interest(s)
Notable idea(s)
Religious life
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni[3]
JurisprudenceMaliki[4]
CreedAsh'ari[5][6]
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced
Arabic name
Personal
(Ism)		ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَٰنِ
Patronymic
(Nasab)		ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Khaldūn
بن مُحَمَّد بن مُحَمَّد بن أَبِي بَكْر مُحَمَّد بن الحَسَن بن خَلْدُون
Teknonymic
(Kunya)		Abū Zayd
أَبُو زَيْدٍ
Epithet
(Laqab)		Walī al-Dīn
وَلِيُّ الدِّيْنِ
Toponymic
(Nisba)		al-Ḥaḍramī
الْحَضْرَمِيُّ

Ibn Khaldun[a] (27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 AH) was an Arab[11] Islamic scholar, historian, philosopher and sociologist.[12][13][14][15] He is widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages,[16] and considered by a number of scholars to be a major forerunner of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography studies.[17][note 1][note 2]

His best-known book, the Muqaddimah or Prolegomena ("Introduction"), which he wrote in six months as he states in his autobiography,[18] influenced 17th-century and 19th-century Ottoman historians such as Kâtip Çelebi, Mustafa Naima and Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, who used its theories to analyze the growth and decline of the Ottoman Empire.[19] Ibn Khaldun interacted with Tamerlane, the founder of the Timurid Empire.

He has been called one of the most prominent Muslim and Arab scholars and historians.[20][21][22] Recently, Ibn Khaldun's works have been compared with those of influential European philosophers such as Niccolò Machiavelli, Giambattista Vico, David Hume, G. W. F. Hegel, Karl Marx, and Auguste Comte as well as the economists David Ricardo and Adam Smith, suggesting that their ideas found precedent (although not direct influence) in his. He has also been influential on certain modern Islamic thinkers (e.g. those of the traditionalist school).

  1. ^ Muqaddimah 2:272–273 quoted in Weiss (1995) p. 30
  2. ^ Weiss 1995, p. 31 quotes Muqaddimah 2:276–278
  3. ^ "Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work". Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  4. ^ Ahmad, Zaid (2010). "Ibn Khaldun". In Oliver Leama (ed.). The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy. Continuum. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199754731.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-975473-1.
  5. ^ Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webstar Inc. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
  6. ^ a b c d e https://themaydan.com/2017/11/myth-intellectual-decline-response-shaykh-hamza-yusuf/ "Ibn Khaldun on Philosophy: After clarifying what was meant precisely by philosophy in the Islamic tradition, namely the various schools of peripatetic philosophy represented either by Ibn Rushd or Ibn Sina, it should be clear why Ibn Khaldun was opposed to them. His critique of philosophy is an Ash’ari critique, completely in line with the Ash’aris before him, including Ghazali and Fakhr al-din al-Razi, both of whom Ibn Khaldun recommends for those who wish to learn how to refute the philosophers"
  7. ^ Moss, Laurence S., ed. (1996). Joseph A. Schumpeter: Historian of Economics: Perspectives on the History of Economic Thought. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-134-78530-8. Ibn Khaldun drited away from Al-Farabi's political idealism.
  8. ^ Shah, Muhammad Sultan. "Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars’ Views on Evolution." (2017).
  9. ^ In al-Muqaddima, Ibn Khaldun cites him as a pioneer in sociology
  10. ^ Ayub, Zulfiqar (2015). The Biographies of the Elite Lives of the Scholars, Imams & Hadith Masters. Zulfiqar Ayub Publications. p. 200.[ISBN missing]
  11. ^
    • Savant, Sarah Bowen (2014). Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past. Edinburgh University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-7486-4497-1. Banu Khaldun al-Hadrami (Yemen, but not Qahtan), to which belonged the famous historian Ibn Khaldun. The family's ancestor was 'Uthman ibn Bakr ibn Khalid, called Khaldun, a Yemeni Arab among the conquerors who shared kinship with the Prophet's Companian Wa'il ibn Hujr and who settled first in Carmona and then in Seville.
    • The Historical Muhammad, Irving M. Zeitlin, (Polity Press, 2007), p. 21; "It is, of course, Ibn Khaldun as an Arab here speaking, for he claims Arab descent through the male line.".
    • The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State, Halim Barakat (University of California Press, 1993), p. 48;"The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power."
    • Ibn Khaldun, M. Talbi, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. III, ed. B. Lewis, V.L. Menage, C. Pellat, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 825; "Ibn Khaldun was born in Tunis, on I Ramadan 732/27 May 1332, in an Arab family which came originally from the Hadramawt and had been settled at Seville since the beginning of the Muslim conquest...."
    • Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History: A Study in the Philosophic Foundation of the Science of Culture, Muhsin Mahdi, Routledge; "His family claimed descent from a Yemenite tribe originating in Hadramawt"
    • Issawi, Charles. "Ibn Khaldūn". Encyclopedia Britannica, 13 March 2021; "the greatest Arab historian", "the family claimed descent from Khaldūn, who was of South Arabian stock, and had come to Spain in the early years of the Arab conquest and settled in Carmona."
    • Cheddadi, Abdesselam, “Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE; "was one of the greatest Arab historians, a philosopher, and a sociologist."
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Barakat1993 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference IslamEncyc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Muhammad Hozien. "Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work". Islamic Philosophy Online. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
  15. ^ "Ibn Khaldūn – The Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldūn's philosophy of history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  16. ^ Bernard Lewis: "Ibn Khaldun in Turkey", in: Ibn Khaldun: The Mediterranean in the 14th Century: Rise and Fall of Empires, Foundation El Legado Andalusí, 2006, ISBN 978-84-96556-34-8, pp. 376–380 (376) S.M. Deen (2007) Science under Islam: rise, decline and revival. p. 157. ISBN 1-84799-942-5
  17. ^
  18. ^ Ali Zaidi, Islam, Modernity, and the Human Sciences, Springer, 2011, p. 84
  19. ^ Lewis, Bernard (1986). "Ibn Khaldūn in Turkey". In Ayalon, David; Sharon, Moshe (eds.). Studies in Islamic history and civilization: in honour of Professor David Ayalon. Brill. pp. 527–530. ISBN 978-965-264-014-7.
  20. ^ Abozeid, Ahmed (2021). "Re-reading Ibn-Khaldun in the 21st Century: Traveling Theory and the Question of Authority, Legitimacy, and State Violence in the Modern Arab World". Ahmed Abozeid. 43 (2): 146–171. doi:10.13169/arabstudquar.43.2.0146. hdl:10023/23143. JSTOR 10.13169/arabstudquar.43.2.0146. S2CID 235841623.
  21. ^ "Ibn Khaldun". Britannica. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  22. ^ Irwin, Robert (2018). Ibn Khaldun. doi:10.23943/9781400889549. ISBN 9781400889549. S2CID 239392974.


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