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Ilocano language

Not to be confused with Alekano language.

Ilocano
Ilokáno
Iloko, Iluko, Iloco, Pagsasao nga Ilokáno, Samtoy, Sao mi datoy
Native toPhilippines
RegionNorthern Luzon which includes the Ilocos Region, Cordillera Administrative Region and Cagayan Valley, as well as many areas in Central Luzon and certain parts of Mindanao
EthnicityIlocano
SpeakersL1: 8.7 million (2020)[1]
L2: 2 million (2000)[2]
Total: 11 million (2022)[3] 3rd most spoken native language in the Philippines [4]
Latin (Ilocano alphabet),
Ilokano Braille
Historically Kur-itan
Official status
Official language in
La Union[5]
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byKomisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-2ilo
ISO 639-3ilo
Glottologilok1237
Linguasphere31-CBA-a
Proportion of Iloco (Ilocano) language speakers in the Philippines, highlighting areas with significant Ilocano populations.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
An Iloco (Ilocano) speaker from Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, sharing his experience in the United States as a migrant worker.

Iloco (also Iloko, Ilocáno or Ilokáno; /iːloʊˈkɑːnoʊ/;[6] Iloco: Pagsasao nga Iloko) is an Austronesian language primarily spoken in the Philippines by the Ilocano people.[7][8] It is one of the eight major languages of the Philippines with about 11 million speakers and ranks as the third most widely spoken native language.[9][10] Iloco serves as a regional lingua franca and second language among Filipinos in Northern Luzon, particularly among the Cordilleran (Igorot) ethnolinguistic groups, as well as in parts of Cagayan Valley and some areas of Central Luzon.[11][12]

As an Austronesian language, Iloco or Ilocano shares linguistic ties with other Philippine languages and is related to languages such as Indonesian, Malay, Tetum, Chamorro, Fijian, Māori, Hawaiian, Samoan, Tahitian, Paiwan, and Malagasy.[11] It is closely related to other Northern Luzon languages and exhibits a degree of mutual intelligibility with Balangao language and certain eastern dialects of Bontoc language.[13][14] Iloco is also spoken outside of Luzon, including in Mindoro, Palawan, Mindanao, and internationally in Canada, Hawaii and California in the United States, owing to the extensive Ilocano diaspora in the 19th and 20th centuries.[15][16] About 85% of the Filipinos in Hawaii are Ilocano and the largest Asian ancestry group in Hawaii.[17] In 2012, it was officially recognized as the provincial language of La Union, underscoring its cultural and linguistic significance.[18][19]

The Ilocano people historically utilized an indigenous writing system known as kur-itan. There have been proposals to revive this script by incorporating its instruction in public and private schools within Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur, where Ilocano is predominantly spoken.[20]

  1. ^ "Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)".
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Rubino 2000 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ "The National Museum of Language: Language of the Month April 2022: Ilocano)".
  4. ^ "Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)".
  5. ^ Elias, Jun (19 September 2012). "Iloko La Union's official language". Philippine Star. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
  6. ^ Bauer, Laurie (2007). The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  7. ^ Rubino, Carl Ralph G. (December 1997). A Reference Grammar of Ilocano (in Ilocano and English). Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI A Bell & Howell Information Campany. p. 2.
  8. ^ University of Hawaii System. "Iluko: The Language" (PDF). p. 1-3.
  9. ^ The National Museum of Language (2022). "Language of the Month April 2022: Ilocano". The National Museum of Language. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  10. ^ Apostol, F (2019). Ilokano Language. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/482/1/012034.
  11. ^ a b Soria, Julius Bajet. "Paka(sarita)an in the Ilokano: Reclaiming a Native Tongue, Owning a Heritage". Educational Perspectives. 48 (1 and 2): 28–32 – via United States Department of Education.
  12. ^ Sunnexdesk (28 June 2010). "Acofo: Lingua Franca in the Cordillera". SunStar Publishing Inc. Retrieved 2 February 2025.
  13. ^ Lewis (2013). Ethnologue Languages of the World. Retrieved from:http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ebk
  14. ^ Astrero, Emily (2017). "Derivation and pluralization of selected Ilokano terms: Basic guide to the teaching of MTB-MLE" (PDF). DLSU Research Congress: 1–5.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference 2016languagereport was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ University of Hawaii. "Mānoa: Photographic 'Odyssey' is tribute to first Filipino migrants in Hawaii | University of Hawaii News". manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Bautista, Elma P. (December 2018). "ILIW: LONGING AND BELONGING IN ILOKANO NARRATIVES OF DISPLACEMENTS". International Journal of Humanities, Philosophy, Language. 1 (4) (published 15 December 2018): 34–46 – via Global Academic Excellence (M) Sdn Bhd.
  20. ^ Orejas, Tonette. "Protect all PH writing systems, heritage advocates urge Congress". newsinfo.inquirer.net.

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