Indonesian invasion of East Timor

Indonesian invasion of East Timor Operation Lotus
Part of the Cold War in Asia and Decolonisation of Asia
East Timor map during the Indonesian invasion Indonesian soldiers pose in Batugade, East Timor with a captured Portuguese flag, November 1975
Date 7 December 1975 – 17 July 1976 (1975-12-07 – 1976-07-17) 7 months, 1 week and 3 days Location East Timor Result Indonesian victory Indonesian occupation of East Timor East Timor genocide Territorial changes East Timor occupied until 1999  ∟East Timor became a province of Indonesia
Belligerents
Indonesia ABRI PGET UDT[1] APODETI	East Timor FRETILIN (FALINTIL)
Commanders and leaders
Suharto Maraden Panggabean Widjojo Soejono[2] L. B. Moerdani Dading Kalbuadi Prabowo Subianto José Osorio Soares	Francisco Xavier do Amaral  Nicolau dos Reis Lobato †
Strength
35,000	20,000[3]
Casualties and losses
1,000 killed, wounded or captured[4][5]	185,000+ killed, wounded or captured (1974–1999)[6] (including civilians)

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The Indonesian invasion of East Timor, known in Indonesia as Operation Lotus (Indonesian: Operasi Seroja), began on 7 December 1975 when the Indonesian military (ABRI/TNI) invaded East Timor under the pretext of anti-colonialism and anti-communism to overthrow the Fretilin regime that had emerged in 1974.^[7] The overthrow of the popular and short-lived Fretilin-led government sparked a violent quarter-century occupation in which approximately 100,000–180,000 soldiers and civilians are estimated to have been killed or starved to death.^[6] The Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor documented a minimum estimate of 102,000 conflict-related deaths in East Timor throughout the entire period from 1974 to 1999, including 18,600 violent killings and 84,200 deaths from disease and starvation; Indonesian forces and their auxiliaries combined were responsible for 70% of the killings.^[8][9]

During the first months of the occupation, the Indonesian military faced heavy insurgency resistance in the mountainous interior of the island, but from 1977 to 1978, the military procured new advanced weaponry from the United States, and other countries, to destroy Fretilin's framework.^[10] The last two decades of the century saw continuous clashes between Indonesian and East Timorese groups over the status of East Timor,^[11] until 1999, when a majority of East Timorese voted overwhelmingly for independence (the alternative option being "special autonomy" while remaining part of Indonesia). After a further two and a half years of transition under the auspices of three different United Nations missions, East Timor achieved independence on 20 May 2002.^[12]