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Influenza B virus

Influenza B virus
Virion structure of influenza B virus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Insthoviricetes
Order: Articulavirales
Family: Orthomyxoviridae
Genus: Betainfluenzavirus
Species:
Influenza B virus
Synonyms
Species
  • Influenza type B virus[1]
  • Influenza virus B[2]
Genus
  • Influenzavirus B[3]

Influenza B virus is the only species in the genus Betainfluenzavirus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae.

Influenza B virus is a negative-sense single-strand RNA virus known only to infect certain mammal species, including humans, ferrets, pigs, and seals.[4][5] This limited host range is apparently responsible for the lack of influenza pandemics associated with influenza B virus, in contrast with those caused by the morphologically similar influenza A virus, as both mutate by both antigenic drift and reassortment.[6][7][8] Nevertheless, it is accepted that influenza B virus could cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and significantly impacts adolescents and schoolchildren.[9]

Until 2020, two distinct lineages of influenza B virus co-circulated in humans. Known as B/Yamagata and B/Victoria, these lineages are distinguished by differences in the antigenic structure of the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) and their varying abilities to elicit innate immune responses in the host.[10]

However, the B/Yamagata lineage may have become extinct in 2020/2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic measures.[11] In October 2023, the World Health Organization concluded that protection against the Yamagata lineage was no longer necessary in the seasonal flu vaccine, reducing the number of lineages targeted by the vaccine from four to three.[12][13] For the 2024–2025 Northern Hemisphere influenza season, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends removing B/Yamagata from all influenza vaccines.[14] The European Medicines Agency (EMA) recommends removing B/Yamagata from influenza vaccines for the 2024–2025 seasonal flu vaccine composition.[15]

  1. ^ Fenner F (1976). "Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Second report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses" (PDF). Intervirology. 7 (1–2): 1–115. doi:10.1159/000149938. PMID 826499. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  2. ^ Murphy FA, Fauquet CM, Bishop DH, Ghabrial SA, Jarvis AW, Martelli GP, et al., eds. (1995). "Virus taxonomy: Sixth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses" (PDF). Archives of Virology. 10: 350–354. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  3. ^ Smith GJ, Bahl J, Donis R, Hongo S, Kochs G, Lamb B, et al. (8 June 2017). "Changing individual genus and species names in the family Orthomyxoviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  4. ^ Nakatsu S, Murakami S, Shindo K, Horimoto T, Sagara H, Noda T, et al. (March 2018). "Influenza C and D Viruses Package Eight Organized Ribonucleoprotein Complexes". Journal of Virology. 92 (6): 561–574. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.21505-7. ISBN 9780128145166. PMC 7268205. PMID 29321324.
  5. ^ Osterhaus AD, Rimmelzwaan GF, Martina BE, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RA (May 2000). "Influenza B virus in seals". Science. 288 (5468): 1051–1053. Bibcode:2000Sci...288.1051O. doi:10.1126/science.288.5468.1051. PMID 10807575.
  6. ^ Hay AJ, Gregory V, Douglas AR, Lin YP (December 2001). "The evolution of human influenza viruses". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 356 (1416): 1861–1870. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0999. PMC 1088562. PMID 11779385.
  7. ^ Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Takashita E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, Katsushima N, et al. (September 2004). "Genetic diversity of influenza B virus: the frequent reassortment and cocirculation of the genetically distinct reassortant viruses in a community". Journal of Medical Virology. 74 (1): 132–140. doi:10.1002/jmv.20156. PMID 15258979. S2CID 31146117.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)
  8. ^ Lindstrom SE, Hiromoto Y, Nishimura H, Saito T, Nerome R, Nerome K (May 1999). "Comparative analysis of evolutionary mechanisms of the hemagglutinin and three internal protein genes of influenza B virus: multiple cocirculating lineages and frequent reassortment of the NP, M, and NS genes". Journal of Virology. 73 (5): 4413–4426. doi:10.1128/JVI.73.5.4413-4426.1999. PMC 104222. PMID 10196339.
  9. ^ van de Sandt CE, Bodewes R, Rimmelzwaan GF, de Vries RD (September 2015). "Influenza B viruses: not to be discounted". Future Microbiology. 10 (9): 1447–1465. doi:10.2217/fmb.15.65. PMID 26357957.
  10. ^ Wilson JL, Akin E, Zhou R, Jedlicka A, Dziedzic A, Liu H, et al. (20 September 2023). "The Influenza B Virus Victoria and Yamagata Lineages Display Distinct Cell Tropism and Infection-Induced Host Gene Expression in Human Nasal Epithelial Cell Cultures". Viruses. 15 (9): 1956. doi:10.3390/v15091956. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 10537232. PMID 37766362.
  11. ^ Koutsakos M, Wheatley AK, Laurie K, Kent SJ, Rockman S (December 2021). "Influenza lineage extinction during the COVID-19 pandemic?". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 19 (12): 741–742. doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00642-4. PMC 8477979. PMID 34584246.
  12. ^ World Health Organization (29 September 2023). "Questions and Answers: Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the southern hemisphere 2024 influenza season and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  13. ^ Schnirring L (29 September 2023). "WHO advisers recommend switch back to trivalent flu vaccines". CIDRAP. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
  14. ^ "Use of Trivalent Influenza Vaccines for the 2024–2025 U.S. flu season". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  15. ^ "EU recommendations for 2024/2025 seasonal flu vaccine composition". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 26 March 2024. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.

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