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Instant-runoff voting (IRV), also known as plurality-with-elimination[1] or the alternative vote (AV)[2] in certain countries, is an ordinal voting system that modifies plurality voting to repeatedly eliminate the last-place finisher and reassigning their votes until only one candidate is left.[3][4] In the United States, IRV is sometimes mistakenly conflated with ranked-choice voting (RCV).[5]
IRV elections are a virtual (instant) variant on exhaustive elimination. In each round, voters choose a favourite candidate; the last-place finisher is eliminated and another round is held. IRV elections automate this process by having voters rank candidates from first to last in order of preference. Voting can then be completed "instantly" by automatically reassigning each voter's ballot to their alternate (i.e. second) choice. This process continues until every candidate except one has been eliminated, at which point they are declared the winner.
IRV is used in national elections in several countries. In Australia, it is used to elect members of the federal House of Representatives,[6] as well as the lower houses in most states, and in some local government elections. It is used to elect the president of India, the president of Ireland,[7] and the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea,[8] as well as the Academy Award for Best Picture.[9]
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