Intelligent design movement

The intelligent design movement is a neo-creationist religious campaign for broad social, academic and political change to promote and support the pseudoscientific^[1] idea of intelligent design (ID), which asserts that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection."^[2]^[3]^[4] Its chief activities are a campaign to promote public awareness of this concept, the lobbying of policymakers to include its teaching in high school science classes, and legal action, either to defend such teaching or to remove barriers otherwise preventing it.^[5]^[6] The movement arose out of the creation science movement in the United States,^[7] and is driven by a small group of proponents.^[8]^[9] The Encyclopædia Britannica explains that ID cannot be empirically tested and that it fails to solve the problem of evil; thus, it is neither sound science nor sound theology.^[10]

^ Boudry, Maarten; Blancke, Stefaan; Braeckman, Johan (December 2010). "Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience" (PDF). The Quarterly Review of Biology. 85 (4). University of Chicago Press: 473–482. doi:10.1086/656904. hdl:1854/LU-952482. PMID 21243965. S2CID 27218269. Article available from Universiteit Gent
^ "CSC - Top Questions: Questions About Intelligent Design: What is the theory of intelligent design?". Center for Science and Culture. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
^ Forrest & Gross 2004, p. 7
^ Forrest, Barbara (May 2007). "Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals" (PDF). Center for Inquiry. Washington, D.C.: Center for Inquiry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
^ "The Wedge" (PDF). Seattle, WA: Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture. 1999. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
^ Forrest 2001, "The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism Is Wedging Its Way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream"
^ Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Context, pp. 18–31. [p. 18] "An Objective Observer Would Know that ID and Teaching About 'Gaps' and 'Problems' in Evolutionary Theory are Creationist, Religious Strategies that Evolved from Earlier Forms of Creationism" [p. 24] "The concept of intelligent design (hereinafter 'ID'), in its current form, came into existence after the Edwards case was decided in 1987. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the religious nature of ID would be readily apparent to an objective observer, adult or child." [p. 31] "...we find that ID's religious nature would be further evident to our objective observer because it directly involves a supernatural designer. ... A 'hypothetical reasonable observer,' adult or child, who is 'aware of the history and context of the community and forum' is also presumed to know that ID is a form of creationism.... The evidence at trial demonstrates that ID is nothing less than the progeny of creationism."
^
"Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Trial transcript: Day 6 (October 5), PM Session, Part 1". TalkOrigins Archive. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2007-07-19. Q. Has the Discovery Institute been a leader in the intelligent design movement? A. Yes, the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. Q. And are almost all of the individuals who are involved with the intelligent design movement associated with the Discovery Institute? A. All of the leaders are, yes. — Barbara Forrest, 2005, testifying in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial.
- Wilgoren, Jodi (August 21, 2005). "Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-05-29. ...the institute's Center for Science and Culture has emerged in recent months as the ideological and strategic backbone behind the eruption of skirmishes over science in school districts and state capitals across the country.
- "Frequently Asked Questions About 'Intelligent Design'". American Civil Liberties Union. New York: American Civil Liberties Union. September 16, 2005. Who is behind the ID movement?. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
- Kahn, Joseph P. (July 27, 2005). "The evolution of George Gilder". The Boston Globe. New York: The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
- "WHO's WHO: Intelligent Design Proponents" (PDF). Science & Theology News. Durham, NC: Science & Theology News, Inc. November 2005. ISSN 1530-6410. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
- Attie, Alan D.; Sober, Elliott; Numbers, Ronald L.; Amasino, Richard M.; Cox, Beth; Berceau, Terese; Powell, Thomas; Cox, Michael M. (May 1, 2006). "Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (5). Ann Arbor, MI: American Society for Clinical Investigation: 1134–1138. doi:10.1172/JCI28449. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 1451210. PMID 16670753. The engine behind the ID movement is the Discovery Institute.
^ "Intelligent Design and Peer Review". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 2008-04-05. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
^ Ayala, Francisco Jose (27 May 2021). "evolution - Intelligent design and its critics". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 June 2021.

[Boudry_2010-1] Boudry, Maarten; Blancke, Stefaan; Braeckman, Johan (December 2010). "Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience" (PDF). The Quarterly Review of Biology. 85 (4). University of Chicago Press: 473–482. doi:10.1086/656904. hdl:1854/LU-952482. PMID 21243965. S2CID 27218269. Article available from Universiteit Gent

[2] "CSC - Top Questions: Questions About Intelligent Design: What is the theory of intelligent design?". Center for Science and Culture. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute. Retrieved 2014-06-05.

[3] Forrest & Gross 2004, p. 7

[ForrestMay2007Paper-4] Forrest, Barbara (May 2007). "Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals" (PDF). Center for Inquiry. Washington, D.C.: Center for Inquiry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2007-08-06.

[wedge_strategy-5] "The Wedge" (PDF). Seattle, WA: Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture. 1999. Retrieved 2014-05-29.

[Forrest_2001-6] Forrest 2001, "The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism Is Wedging Its Way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream"

[7] Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). Context, pp. 18–31. [p. 18] "An Objective Observer Would Know that ID and Teaching About 'Gaps' and 'Problems' in Evolutionary Theory are Creationist, Religious Strategies that Evolved from Earlier Forms of Creationism" [p. 24] "The concept of intelligent design (hereinafter 'ID'), in its current form, came into existence after the Edwards case was decided in 1987. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the religious nature of ID would be readily apparent to an objective observer, adult or child." [p. 31] "...we find that ID's religious nature would be further evident to our objective observer because it directly involves a supernatural designer. ... A 'hypothetical reasonable observer,' adult or child, who is 'aware of the history and context of the community and forum' is also presumed to know that ID is a form of creationism.... The evidence at trial demonstrates that ID is nothing less than the progeny of creationism."

[DI_engine-8] "Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Trial transcript: Day 6 (October 5), PM Session, Part 1". TalkOrigins Archive. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2007-07-19. Q. Has the Discovery Institute been a leader in the intelligent design movement? A. Yes, the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. Q. And are almost all of the individuals who are involved with the intelligent design movement associated with the Discovery Institute? A. All of the leaders are, yes. — Barbara Forrest, 2005, testifying in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial.
Wilgoren, Jodi (August 21, 2005). "Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-05-29. ...the institute's Center for Science and Culture has emerged in recent months as the ideological and strategic backbone behind the eruption of skirmishes over science in school districts and state capitals across the country.

"Frequently Asked Questions About 'Intelligent Design'". American Civil Liberties Union. New York: American Civil Liberties Union. September 16, 2005. Who is behind the ID movement?. Retrieved 2014-05-29.

Kahn, Joseph P. (July 27, 2005). "The evolution of George Gilder". The Boston Globe. New York: The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2015-05-25.

"WHO's WHO: Intelligent Design Proponents" (PDF). Science & Theology News. Durham, NC: Science & Theology News, Inc. November 2005. ISSN 1530-6410. Retrieved 2007-07-20.

Attie, Alan D.; Sober, Elliott; Numbers, Ronald L.; Amasino, Richard M.; Cox, Beth; Berceau, Terese; Powell, Thomas; Cox, Michael M. (May 1, 2006). "Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (5). Ann Arbor, MI: American Society for Clinical Investigation: 1134–1138. doi:10.1172/JCI28449. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 1451210. PMID 16670753. The engine behind the ID movement is the Discovery Institute.

[9] Wilgoren, Jodi (August 21, 2005). "Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-05-29. ...the institute's Center for Science and Culture has emerged in recent months as the ideological and strategic backbone behind the eruption of skirmishes over science in school districts and state capitals across the country.

[10] "Frequently Asked Questions About 'Intelligent Design'". American Civil Liberties Union. New York: American Civil Liberties Union. September 16, 2005. Who is behind the ID movement?. Retrieved 2014-05-29.

[11] Kahn, Joseph P. (July 27, 2005). "The evolution of George Gilder". The Boston Globe. New York: The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2015-05-25.

[12] "WHO's WHO: Intelligent Design Proponents" (PDF). Science & Theology News. Durham, NC: Science & Theology News, Inc. November 2005. ISSN 1530-6410. Retrieved 2007-07-20.

[13] Attie, Alan D.; Sober, Elliott; Numbers, Ronald L.; Amasino, Richard M.; Cox, Beth; Berceau, Terese; Powell, Thomas; Cox, Michael M. (May 1, 2006). "Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (5). Ann Arbor, MI: American Society for Clinical Investigation: 1134–1138. doi:10.1172/JCI28449. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 1451210. PMID 16670753. The engine behind the ID movement is the Discovery Institute.

[aaas_pr-9] "Intelligent Design and Peer Review". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 2008-04-05. Retrieved 2013-03-04.

[Encyclopedia_Britannica-10] Ayala, Francisco Jose (27 May 2021). "evolution - Intelligent design and its critics". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 June 2021.

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