Iodine (medical use)

Iodine is a chemical element with many uses in medicine, depending on the form. Elemental iodine and iodophors are topical antiseptics.^[2] Iodine, in non-elemental form, functions as an essential nutrient in human biology (see iodine in biology).^[3] Organic compounds containing iodine are also useful iodinated contrast agents in X-ray imaging.^[4]

Common side effects when applied to the skin include irritation and discoloration.^[2] Supplementation during pregnancy is recommended in regions where deficiency is common, otherwise it is not recommended.^[1] Iodine is an essential trace element.^[1]

In 1811, Bernard Courtois isolated iodine from seaweed while in 1820 Jean-Francois Coindet linked iodine intake to goiter size.^[5] It initially came into use as a disinfectant and a treatment for goiter.^[6]^[7] The following forms of iodine are found on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines:^[8]

Potassium iodide^[8]^{: 18, 42, 43}
Amidotrizoate^[8]^: 40
Iohexol^[8]^: 40
Meglumine iotroxat^[8]^: 41
Povidone iodine^[8]^: 41
"Iodine"^[8]^: 50 – less ambiguously known as iodized oil

In addition, table salt with non-elemental iodine, known as iodized salt, is available in more than 110 countries.^[9]

^ ^a ^b ^c World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 499. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
^ ^a ^b "Iodine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017. – This article deals with iodine for topical use. The listed brand names (Iodoflex, Iodosorb) are more appropriately attributed to cadexomer iodine, ATC code D03AX01.
^ "Iodine Deficiency". American Thyroid Association. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
^ Cite error: The named reference CONTRAST was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Leung AM, Braverman LE, Pearce EN (November 2012). "History of U.S. iodine fortification and supplementation". Nutrients. 4 (11): 1740–1746. doi:10.3390/nu4111740. PMC 3509517. PMID 23201844.
^ Starke JA (2009). "14. Application of Iodine Water Purification Tablets: Iodine's Efficacy against Cryptosporidium parvum.". In Preedy VR, Burrow GN, Watson RR (eds.). Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects. Academic Press. p. 135. ISBN 9780080920863. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017.
^ Sneader W (2005). "Legacy of the Past". Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471899792. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
^ Wesley AS, Horton S (2010). "Economics of Food Fortification". In Watson RR, Gerald JK, Preedy VR (eds.). Nutrients, Dietary Supplements, and Nutriceuticals: Cost Analysis Versus Clinical Benefits. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 37. ISBN 9781607613084. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017.

[WHO2008-1] World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 499. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.

[AHFS2017-2] "Iodine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017. – This article deals with iodine for topical use. The listed brand names (Iodoflex, Iodosorb) are more appropriately attributed to cadexomer iodine, ATC code D03AX01.

[3] "Iodine Deficiency". American Thyroid Association. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.

[CONTRAST-4] Cite error: The named reference CONTRAST was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Leung-5] Leung AM, Braverman LE, Pearce EN (November 2012). "History of U.S. iodine fortification and supplementation". Nutrients. 4 (11): 1740–1746. doi:10.3390/nu4111740. PMC 3509517. PMID 23201844.

[6] Starke JA (2009). "14. Application of Iodine Water Purification Tablets: Iodine's Efficacy against Cryptosporidium parvum.". In Preedy VR, Burrow GN, Watson RR (eds.). Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects. Academic Press. p. 135. ISBN 9780080920863. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017.

[7] Sneader W (2005). "Legacy of the Past". Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471899792. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017.

[WHO21st-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

[9] Wesley AS, Horton S (2010). "Economics of Food Fortification". In Watson RR, Gerald JK, Preedy VR (eds.). Nutrients, Dietary Supplements, and Nutriceuticals: Cost Analysis Versus Clinical Benefits. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 37. ISBN 9781607613084. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017.

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