Islam in Southeast Asia

Muslims in Southeast Asia

Crystal Mosque in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Total population
~277 million[1][2](42%)
Regions with significant populations
Indonesia	242,000,000[3]
Malaysia	34,200,000[4]
Brunei	441,000[5]
Thailand	7,500,000[6]
Myanmar	<Unknown>
Philippines	6,981,710[7]
Singapore	~660,000[8]
Cambodia	356,000[9]
Vietnam	85,452[10]
Laos	9,120[11]
Timor-Leste	~ 46,400[12]
Religions
Islam
Scriptures
Quran • Hadith • Gheet
Languages
Liturgical Quranic Arabic[13] Common Indonesian, Javanese, Sundanese, Malay, Tausug, Maguindanao, Maranao, Yakan, Bajau, Melanau, Madurese, Minangkabau, Betawi, Buginese, Banjarese, Acehnese, Sasak, Rohingya, Cham, and other languages of Southeast Asia

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Islamization
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Key texts The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate (Rashīd Rīďha 1922) Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Iqbal 1930s) Principles of State and Government (Asad 1961) Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones") (Qutb 1965) Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist ("Velayat-e faqih") (Khomeini 1970)
Heads of state Ahmed al-Sharaa Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ruhollah Khomeini Mohamed Morsi Muammar Gaddafi Ismail Haniyeh Zia ul-Haq Ali Khamenei Omar al-Bashir Mohammed Omar House of Saud House of Thani Hibatullah Akhundzada
Key ideologues Abu Hamza al-Masri Rabee al-Madkhali Muhammad Abduh Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī Qazi Hussain Ahmad Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani Muhammad Asad Hassan al-Banna Rached Ghannouchi Safwat Hegazi Muhammad Iqbal Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Necip Fazıl Kısakürek Abul A'la Maududi Abul Hasan Nadwi Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani Yusuf al-Qaradawi Sayyid Qutb Tariq Ramadan Ata Abu Rashta Rashid Rida Navvab Safavi Ali Shariati Haji Shariatullah Hassan Al-Turabi Ahmed Yassin Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
Criticism Criticism of Islamism Liberal and reform movements within Islam in Europe in North America Khaled Abu al-Fadl Farag Foda Abdelwahab Meddeb Maryam Namazie Maajid Nawaaz Sam Harris Olivier Roy Bassam Tibi Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi Gilles Kepel Shiraz Maher Magnus Ranstorp
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Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia with approximately 242 million adherents in the region (about 42% of its population), with majorities in Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia as well as parts of southern Thailand and parts of Mindanao in the Philippines respectively.^[14][15] Significant minorities are located in the other Southeast Asian states. Most Muslims in Southeast Asia are Sunni and follow the Shafi'i school of fiqh, or religious law.^[16] It is the official religion in Malaysia and Brunei while it is one of the six recognised faiths in Indonesia.

Islam in Southeast Asia is heterogeneous and is manifested in many different ways. In some places in Southeast Asia, Islam is adapted to coexist syncretically with already-existent local traditions.^[17] Mysticism is a defining characteristic of Islam in Southeast Asia, with Sufism having a large regional following. Mystic forms of Islam fit in well with already established traditions.^[17] The adaptation of Islam to local traditions is seen as a positive thing by Muslims in Southeast Asia.^[18] Islam is part of everyday life for adherents in Southeast Asia and is not separated from "non-religious realms".^[19] Southeast Asia is the global region with the highest number of Muslims in the world, surpassing the Middle East and North Africa.^[17][20] Islam in Southeast Asia is neglected in Western study of Islam which centers around the Middle East.^[21][22]

Southeast Asian identity varies by regions that include Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. The heterogeneous nature of Southeast Asia combined with the widely varying practices and meanings of Islam suggests Islam in Southeast Asia has a multitude of variations in practice and belief. Islam in Southeast Asia has been adapted into varying local norms across Southeast Asia. The Abangan are the dominant group of Muslims in Indonesia.^[21] The practices of the Abangan are heavily influenced by mysticism and embody a unique form of Islamic practice that incorporates rituals inherited from their pre-Islamic ancestors.^[21]