Fear, hatred of, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general
This article is about irrational fear, hatred of, or prejudice towards Muslims or Islam. For the historic persecution of Muslims, see Persecution of Muslims. For prejudice against those from the Middle East, see Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment.
Islamophobia is commonly defined as an irrational fear of, hostility towards, or prejudice against Islam or Muslims.[1][2][3][4][5] Such sentiments are sometimes expressed through stereotypes that portray Muslims as a geopolitical threat or a source of terrorism.[6][7][8] Academics, authors and policymakers continue to debate the exact meaning of the term.[9]
It has been alleged that the term is sometimes used to avoid criticism of Islam, by removing the distinction between racism, which is generally illegal, and criticism of religious doctrine or practice, which is generally authorized in secular societies.[20][21]
^Hilal, Maha (2021). Innocent Until Proven Muslim: Islamophobia, the War on Terror, and the Muslim Experience Since 9/11. Minneapolis, USA: Broadleaf Books. ISBN978-1-5064-7046-7.
^Benkler, Faris, Roberts, Yochai, Robert, Hal (2018). "4: Immigration and Islamophobia: Breitbart and the Trump Party". Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, Ny 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 105–144. ISBN9780190923624. LCCN2018020121.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)