Isma'il Pasha of Egypt

Isma'il Pasha
إسماعيل باشا
Isma'il Pasha; إسماعيل باشا
Khedive of Egypt and Sudan
Reign	19 January 1863 – 26 June 1879
Predecessor	Sa'id (as Wāli (unrecognized Khedive) of Egypt)
Successor	Tewfik
Born	12 January 1830; Cairo, Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman Empire
Died	2 March 1895 (aged 65); Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
Burial	Al-Rifa'i Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Spouse	Shehret Feza Hanim; Jananiyar Hanim; Jeshm Afet Hanim; Shafaq Nur Hanim; Gulhiste Hanim; Gulendam Hanim; Nur Felek Qadin; Misl Melek Qadin; Jihan Shah Qadin; Bezmi Alem Qadin; Hur Jenan Qadin; Jamal Nur Qadin; Ferial Qadin; Misl Jihan Qadin; Neshedil Qadin; Felek Naz Qadin;
Issue	Tewfik, Khedive of Egypt; Hussein Kamel of Egypt; Fuad I of Egypt; Prince Ibrahim Ilhami Pasha; Prince Ali Jamal Pasha; Prince Hassan Ismail Pasha; Prince Mahmud Hamdi Pasha; Prince Reshid Ismail Bey; Princess Tawhida Hanim; Princess Fatima Hanim; Princess Zainab Hanim; Princess Jamila Fadila Hanim; Princess Amina Hanim; Princess Nimetullah Hanim; Princess Amina Aziza Hanim
House	Alawiyya
Father	Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
Mother	Hoshiyar Qadin
Religion	Sunni Islam

Isma'il Pasha (Egyptian Arabic: إسماعيل باشا Ismā‘īl Bāshā; 12 January 1830 – 2 March 1895), also known as 'Ismail the Magnificent, was the Khedive of Egypt and ruler of Sudan from 1863 to 1879, when he was removed at the behest of Great Britain and France. Sharing the ambitious outlook of his grandfather, Muhammad Ali Pasha, he greatly modernized Egypt and Sudan during his reign, investing heavily in industrial and economic development, urbanization, and the expansion of the country's boundaries in Africa.

His philosophy can be glimpsed in a statement that he made in 1879: "My country is no longer only in Africa; we are now part of Europe, too. It is therefore natural for us to abandon our former ways and to adopt a new system adapted to our social conditions".^{[citation needed]}

In 1867 he also secured Ottoman and international recognition for his title of Khedive (Viceroy) in preference to Wāli (Governor) which was previously used by his predecessors in the Eyalet of Egypt and Sudan (1517–1867). However, Isma'il's policies placed the Khedivate of Egypt and Sudan (1867–1914) in severe debt, leading to the sale of the country's shares in the Suez Canal Company to the British government, and his ultimate toppling from power in 1879 under British and French pressure.

The city of Ismailia is named in his honor.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Hassan, H.; Fernea, E.; Fernea, R. (2000). In the House of Muhammad Ali: A Family Album, 1805-1952. American University in Cairo Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-61797-241-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Doumani, B. (2003). Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender. Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender. State University of New York Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-7914-5679-8.
^ ^a ^b ^c Öztürk, D. (2020). "Remembering" Egypt's Ottoman Past: Ottoman Consciousness in Egypt, 1841-1914. Ohio State University. p. 129.
^ Tugay, E.F. (1963). Three Centuries: Family Chronicles of Turkey and Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 144.

[Hassan-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Hassan, H.; Fernea, E.; Fernea, R. (2000). In the House of Muhammad Ali: A Family Album, 1805-1952. American University in Cairo Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-61797-241-6.

[Doumani_2003-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Doumani, B. (2003). Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender. Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender. State University of New York Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-7914-5679-8.

[Öztürk-3] Öztürk, D. (2020). "Remembering" Egypt's Ottoman Past: Ottoman Consciousness in Egypt, 1841-1914. Ohio State University. p. 129.

[Tugay-4] Tugay, E.F. (1963). Three Centuries: Family Chronicles of Turkey and Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 144.

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