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Italian East Africa (Italian: Africa Orientale Italiana, A.O.I.)[3] was a short-lived colonial possession of Fascist Italy from 1936 to 1941 in the Horn of Africa.[4][5][6] It was established following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, which led to the military occupation of the Ethiopian Empire (Abyssinia).[7][8] It encompassed Italian Somaliland, Italian Eritrea and the acquired Ethiopian territories, all governed by a single administrative unit, the Governo Generale dell'Africa Orientale Italiana.[4][9] Its establishment contributed significantly to the outbreak of the Second World War by exposing the weaknesses of the League of Nations.[10][11][12]
Italian East Africa was divided into six governorates. Eritrea and Somalia, Italian possessions since the 1880s, were enlarged with captured Ethiopian territory and became the Eritrea and Somalia Governorates. The remainder of the occupied Ethiopian territories comprised the Harar, Galla-Sidamo, Amhara, and Scioa Governorates. At its largest extent, Italian East Africa occupied territories in British Somaliland, British Kenya, and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.[13]
During World War II, Italian East Africa became the battleground of the East African campaign (part of the Mediterranean and Middle East theater).[14] After the Battle of Gondar in November 1941, it was occupied by a British-led force including colonial units and Ethiopian resistance fighters.[15][16] Italian Somalia and Eritrea came under British administration, while Ethiopia regained its independence.[7] In 1950, Allied occupied Somalia became the United Nations Trust Territory of Somaliland, administered by Italy from 1950 until its independence in 1960. Allied occupied Eritrea became an autonomous part of Ethiopia in 1952. It was later annexed by the Ethiopian Empire in 1962 and gained its independence in 1993 as Eritrea.[17]
- ^ Page, Melvin E; Sonnenburg, Penny M (2006). Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural and Political Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 1054. ISBN 9781576077627. OCLC 690378095.
- ^ Istat (December 2010). "I censimenti nell'Italia unita I censimenti nell'Italia unita Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI STATISTICA SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI DEMOGRAFIA STORICA Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo" (PDF). Annali di Statistica. XII. 2: 263. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
- ^ Sbacchi 1997, p. xi.
- ^ a b Ben-Ghiat & Fuller 2016, p. 7.
- ^ Mockler 2019, p. 475.
- ^ Pergher 2017, p. 4.
- ^ a b Ben-Ghiat & Fuller 2016, p. xvii.
- ^ Sbacchi 1997, p. 163.
- ^ Mockler 2019, p. 165.
- ^ Sbacchi 1997, p. 35.
- ^ Pergher 2017, p. 18.
- ^ Campbell 2017, p. 352.
- ^ Stewart 2016, p. 75-147.
- ^ Stewart 2016.
- ^ Stewart 2016, p. 191-204,228-231.
- ^ Sbacchi 1997, p. 164-186.
- ^ Ben-Ghiat & Fuller 2016, p. xviii.
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