Back Ivermektien Afrikaans إيفيرمكتين Arabic ایفرمکتین AZB আইভারমেকটিন Bengali/Bangla Ivermectina Catalan Ivermektin Czech Ifermectin Welsh Ivermectin German Ιβερμεκτίνη Greek Ivermektino Esperanto

Ivermectin

Ivermectin
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˌaɪvərˈmɛktɪn/, EYE-vər-MEK-tin
Trade namesStromectol, others
Other namesMK-933
AHFS/Drugs.com
MedlinePlusa607069
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
Routes of
administration		By mouth, topical
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailabilitynot determined
Protein binding93%
MetabolismLiver (CYP450)
Elimination half-life38.9 ± 20.8 h[6]
ExcretionFeces; <1% urine
Identifiers
  • 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a + 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.067.738 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC
48H
74O
14 (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a)
C
47H
72O
14 (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b)
Molar mass
  • 875.106 g·mol−1 (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a)
  • 861.079 g·mol−1 (22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b)
3D model (JSmol)
  • CC[C@H](C)[C@@H]1[C@H](CC[C@@]2(O1)C[C@@H]3C[C@H](O2)C/C=C(/[C@H]([C@H](/C=C/C=C/4\CO[C@H]5[C@@]4([C@@H](C=C([C@H]5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)O[C@H]6C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O6)C)O[C@H]7C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O7)C)O)OC)OC)\C)C.C[C@H]1CC[C@]2(C[C@@H]3C[C@H](O2)C/C=C(/[C@H]([C@H](/C=C/C=C/4\CO[C@H]5[C@@]4([C@@H](C=C([C@H]5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)O[C@H]6C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O6)C)O[C@H]7C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O7)C)O)OC)OC)\C)O[C@@H]1C(C)C
  • InChI=1S/C48H74O14.C47H72O14/c1-11-25(2)43-28(5)17-18-47(62-43)23-34-20-33(61-47)16-15-27(4)42(26(3)13-12-14-32-24-55-45-40(49)29(6)19-35(46(51)58-34)48(32,45)52)59-39-22-37(54-10)44(31(8)57-39)60-38-21-36(53-9)41(50)30(7)56-38;1-24(2)41-27(5)16-17-46(61-41)22-33-19-32(60-46)15-14-26(4)42(25(3)12-11-13-31-23-54-44-39(48)28(6)18–34(45(50)57-33)47(31,44)51)58-38-21-36(53–10)43(30(8)56–38)59-37-20-35(52–9)40(49)29(7)55-37/h12-15,19,25-26,28,30-31,33-45,49-50,52H,11,16-18,20-24H2,1-10H3;11-14,18,24-25,27,29-30,32-44,48-49,51H,15-17,19-23H2,1-10H3/b13-12+,27-15+,32-14+;12-11+,26-14+,31-13+/t25-,26-,28-,30-,31-,33+,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40+,41-,42-,43+,44-,45+,47+,48+;25-,27-,29-,30-,32+,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39+,40-,41+,42-,43-,44+,46+,47+/m00/s1 checkY
  • Key:SPBDXSGPUHCETR-JFUDTMANSA-N checkY
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Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug.[7] After its discovery in 1975,[8] its first uses were in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat heartworm and acariasis.[9] Approved for human use in 1987,[10] it is used to treat infestations including head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis and lymphatic filariasis.[9][11][12][13] It works through many mechanisms to kill the targeted parasites,[11] and can be taken by mouth, or applied to the skin for external infestations.[11][14] It belongs to the avermectin family of medications.[11]

William Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for its discovery and applications.[15] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines,[16][17] and is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as an antiparasitic agent.[18] In 2021, it was the 341st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 100,000 prescriptions.[19] It is available as a generic medicine.[20][21]

Misinformation has been widely spread claiming that ivermectin is beneficial for treating and preventing COVID-19.[22][23] Such claims are not backed by credible scientific evidence.[24][25][26] Multiple major health organizations, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration,[27] the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,[28] the European Medicines Agency,[29] and the World Health Organization have advised that ivermectin is not recommended for the treatment of COVID-19.[25][30]

  1. ^ "Search Page – Drug and Health Product Register". October 23, 2014. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
  2. ^ "Health Canada New Drug Authorizations: 2015 Highlights". Health Canada. May 4, 2016. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Stromectol FDA label was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Soolantra FDA label was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "List of nationally authorised medicinal products" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. November 26, 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2020.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference mosquito23 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Laing was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Campbell WC (May 2012). "History of avermectin and ivermectin, with notes on the history of other macrocyclic lactone antiparasitic agents". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 13 (6): 853–865. doi:10.2174/138920112800399095. PMID 22039784.
  9. ^ a b Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs: Small and Large Animal (4 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015. p. 420. ISBN 978-0-323-24486-2. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Molyneux2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference AHFS2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Sneader W (2005). Drug Discovery a History. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-470-01552-0. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  13. ^ "Ascariasis – Resources for Health Professionals". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). August 23, 2019. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  14. ^ Panahi Y, Poursaleh Z, Goldust M (2015). "The efficacy of topical and oral ivermectin in the treatment of human scabies" (PDF). Annals of Parasitology. 61 (1): 11–16. PMID 25911032. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2020.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference nobel-2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  17. ^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  18. ^ Ahmed S, Karim MM, Ross AG, Hossain MS, Clemens JD, Sumiya MK, et al. (February 2021). "A five-day course of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19 may reduce the duration of illness". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 103: 214–216. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.191. PMC 7709596. PMID 33278625.
  19. ^ "Ivermectin - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
  20. ^ "Ivermectin: FDA-Approved Drugs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
  21. ^ "Ivermectin lotion: FDA-Approved Drugs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  22. ^ Evershed N, McGowan M, Ball A. "Anatomy of a conspiracy theory: how misinformation travels on Facebook". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  23. ^ "Fact-checking claim about the use of ivermectin to treat COVID-19". PolitiFact. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  24. ^ Popp M, Reis S, Schießer S, Hausinger RI, Stegemann M, Metzendorf MI, et al. (June 2022). "Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (6): CD015017. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub3. eISSN 1465-1858. PMC 9215332. PMID 35726131.
  25. ^ a b "EMA advises against use of ivermectin for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outside randomised clinical trials". European Medicines Agency. March 22, 2021. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  26. ^ Garegnani LI, Madrid E, Meza N (April 2021). "Misleading clinical evidence and systematic reviews on ivermectin for COVID-19". BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine. 27 (3): 156–158. doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2021-111678. PMID 33888547.
  27. ^ "Why You Should Not Use Ivermectin to Treat or Prevent COVID-19". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). December 10, 2021. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  28. ^ "Rapid Increase in Ivermectin Prescriptions and Reports of Severe Illness Associated with Use of Products Containing Ivermectin to Prevent or Treat COVID-19" (PDF). CDC Health Alert Network. CDCHAN-00449. August 26, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  29. ^ "EMA advises against use of ivermectin for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outside randomised clinical trials". European Medicines Agency. March 22, 2021. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  30. ^ "WHO advises that ivermectin only be used to treat COVID-19 within clinical trials". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.

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