John Hay

John Hay
Hay in 1897
37th United States Secretary of State
In office September 30, 1898 – July 1, 1905
President	William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt
Preceded by	William R. Day
Succeeded by	Elihu Root
United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
In office May 3, 1897 – September 12, 1898
President	William McKinley
Preceded by	Thomas F. Bayard
Succeeded by	Joseph Hodges Choate
12th United States Assistant Secretary of State
In office November 1, 1879 – May 3, 1881
President	Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield
Preceded by	Frederick W. Seward
Succeeded by	Robert R. Hitt
Personal details
Born	John Milton Hay (1838-10-08)October 8, 1838 Salem, Indiana, U.S.
Died	July 1, 1905(1905-07-01) (aged 66) Newbury, New Hampshire, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Clara Stone ​ (m. 1874)​
Children	4, including Helen and Adelbert
Education	Brown University (AB, MA)
Signature
Military service
Branch/service	United States Army (Union Army)
Rank	Brevet Colonel
Battles/wars	American Civil War

John Milton Hay (October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman and official whose career in government stretched over almost half a century. Beginning as a private secretary and an assistant for Abraham Lincoln, he became a diplomat. He served as United States Secretary of State under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. Hay was also a biographer of Lincoln, and wrote poetry and other literature throughout his life.

Born in Salem, Indiana to an anti-slavery family that moved to Warsaw, Illinois, Hay showed great potential from an early age, and his family sent him to Brown University. After graduation in 1858, Hay read law in his uncle's office in Springfield, Illinois, adjacent to that of Lincoln. Hay worked for Lincoln's successful presidential campaign and became one of his private secretaries in the White House. Throughout the American Civil War, Hay was close to Lincoln and stood by his deathbed after the President was shot. In addition to his other literary works, Hay co-authored, with John George Nicolay, a ten-volume biography of Lincoln that helped shape the assassinated president's historical image.

After Lincoln's death, Hay spent several years at diplomatic posts in Europe, then worked for the New-York Tribune under Horace Greeley and Whitelaw Reid. Hay remained active in politics, and from 1879 to 1881 served as Assistant Secretary of State. Afterward, he returned to the private sector, remaining there until President McKinley, of whom he had been a major backer, made him the Ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1897. Hay became the Secretary of State the following year.

Hay served for nearly seven years as Secretary of State under President McKinley and, after McKinley's assassination, under Theodore Roosevelt. Hay was responsible for negotiating the Open Door Policy, which kept China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis, with international powers. By negotiating the Hay–Pauncefote Treaty with the United Kingdom, the (ultimately unratified) Hay–Herrán Treaty with Colombia, and finally the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty with the newly independent Republic of Panama, Hay also cleared the way for the building of the Panama Canal.