Jumma people

The Jumma people (Bengali: জুম্ম জনগোষ্ঠী) is a term usually referred to the minority tribal group of people of the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh, who used to claim a separate state called Jummaland. They include the Chakma, Arakanese (Rakhine), Marma, Tripuri, Tanchangya, Chak, Pankho, Mru, Bawm, Lushai, Khyang, and Khumi.^[1]^[2]

The name Jumma ("jum farmer") is derived from jum cultivation, or the slash-and-burn method rain forest & razed hill farming .^[3] They are also known as Pahari, which simply means "hill people".^[4]

With the exception of the relatively well-integrated Chakma and Tanchangya, Jumma people are native speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages, unrelated to the Bengali language spoken by ethnic Bengalis. They are religiously and culturally distinct as well, with most being Buddhist, some Hindu, and some are converted Christians and Muslims. In addition, they have retained some traditional religious practices.^[5]

^ পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রামে মাথাচাড়া দিয়ে উঠছে ‘স্বাধীন জুম্মল্যান্ড’ সংগ্রাম | সারাদেশ | The Daily Ittefaq. The Daily Ittefaq. 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
^ Van Schendel, Willem (2001). Willem van Schendel, Erik J. Zurcher (ed.). Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World. I.B.Tauris. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-86064-261-6.
^ Roy, Rajkumari Chandra Kalindi (2000). Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. IWGIA. p. 28. ISBN 978-87-90730-29-1.
^ International Labour Office (2000). Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends. International Labour Organization. p. 78. ISBN 978-92-2-112258-6.
^ Samaddar, Ranabir (2003-07-04). Refugees and the State: Practices of Asylum and Care in India. SAGE Publications. p. 251. ISBN 978-81-321-0377-6.

[:1-1] পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রামে মাথাচাড়া দিয়ে উঠছে ‘স্বাধীন জুম্মল্যান্ড’ সংগ্রাম | সারাদেশ | The Daily Ittefaq. The Daily Ittefaq. 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.

[2] Van Schendel, Willem (2001). Willem van Schendel, Erik J. Zurcher (ed.). Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World. I.B.Tauris. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-86064-261-6.

[3] Roy, Rajkumari Chandra Kalindi (2000). Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. IWGIA. p. 28. ISBN 978-87-90730-29-1.

[4] International Labour Office (2000). Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: Emerging trends. International Labour Organization. p. 78. ISBN 978-92-2-112258-6.

[5] Samaddar, Ranabir (2003-07-04). Refugees and the State: Practices of Asylum and Care in India. SAGE Publications. p. 251. ISBN 978-81-321-0377-6.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]