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Ilm al-Kalam (Arabic: عِلْم ٱلْكَلَام, romanized: ʿilm al-kalām, lit. 'science of discourse'),[1] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or philosophical study of Islamic theology (aqida).[2]
It is a controversial science since some scholars state kalām was formed out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of Islam against the philosophical doubters.[3][4] Meanwhile, hostile criticisms and rejections towards kalam as theological study are quite prevalent among major Sunni Madhhab scholars,[5][6] such as Hanafi,[7][8] Hanbali[5] Maliki,[9][10] Shafi'i,[9][11][12][13] and Zahiri;[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] As they viewed it not following Islamic teaching.
On the other hand, it gained acceptance in Twelver Shi'ism. According to Morteza Motahhari, It is a science that fundamental for Islamic faith doctrine or usul al-din, proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them.[22]
Jeffry R. Halveson; chapter 2
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Aqida 4 Madhhab; al-'Ajili
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Abu Hanifah opinion; Kalam 2
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Sharh Aqida Ahl sunnah; Yazid Jawas
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Almanhaj; al-Ash'ari according madhhabs
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Dhahabi; Malik about kalam
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Nawawi; Majmu; about kalam
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).konsultsyariah; kalam
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Muhammad al 'Aqil; Shafi'ite kalam
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).al-Shawkani; anti kalam
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Shawkani anti kalam 2
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Shawkani anti kalam 3
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Shawkani anti kalam 4
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Shawkani anti kalam 5
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).umma
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Ibn Mada' vs Kalam
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).For a definition of 'ilm al-kalam, it is sufficient to say that, "It is a science which studies the basic doctrines of the Islamic faith (usul al-Din). It identifies the basic doctrines and seeks to prove their validity and answers any doubts which may be cast upon them."
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