Kamenev (Russian: Ка́менев; masculine) or Kameneva (Ка́менева; feminine) is a common Russian surname. It may refer to:
- Lev Kamenev, Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet politician
- Lev Lvovich Kamenev, Russian landscape painter
- Olga Kameneva, Soviet politician, Lev Kamenev's wife and Leon Trotsky's sister
- Sergey Kamenev, Soviet military leader
- Gavriil Kamenev, Russian poet
- Vladislav Kamenev, Russian hockey player
- Alex Kamenev, Russian theoretical physicist
- Lieutenant Kamenev, an antagonist in As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me
- Piotr Ilyich Kamenev, the Premier of the Soviet Union in The Shoes of the Fisherman
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