According to a theory proposed by Ignace Gelb, the Kish civilization encompassed the sites of Ebla and Mari in the Levant, Nagar in the north,[1] and the proto-Akkadian sites of Abu Salabikh and Kish in central Mesopotamia[2][3][better source needed] in to the early East Semitic era in Mesopotamia and the Levant. The epoch began in the early 4th millennium BC and ended with the rise of the Akkadian empire.[4] The theory has been discarded by more recent scholarship.[5]
According to the theory, the East Semitic population migrated from what is now the Levant and spread into Mesopotamia,[6] and the new population could have contributed to the collapse of the Uruk period c. 3100 BC.[3] This early East Semitic culture was characterized by linguistic, literary and orthographic similarities extending from Ebla in the west to Abu Salabikh in the East.[7] The personal names from the Sumerian city of Kish showed an East Semitic nature and revealed that the city population had a strong Semitic component from the dawn of recorded history,[8] and since Gelb considered Kish to be the center of this civilization, hence the naming.[7]
The similarities included the using of a writing system that contained non-Sumerian logograms, the use of the same system in naming the months of the year, dating by regnal years and a similar measuring system.[7] However, each city had its own monarchical system.
While the languages of Mari and Ebla were closely related, Kish represented an independent East Semitic linguistic entity that spoke a dialect (Kishite),[9] different from both pre-Sargonic Akkadian and the Ebla-Mari language.[7]
The theory has been rejected for a number of reasons: the linguistic, literary and cultural similarities and connections between the different parts of the alleged Kish civilization have been shown to be much smaller than Gelb thought, the alleged central role of the cuty of Kish remains unproven, and it has been argued that onomastic and other evidence suggests that Semitic speakers were still a small minority in Northern Babylonia during the period in question.[5]
- ^ Lauren Ristvet (2014). Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN 9781107065215.
- ^ Van De Mieroop, Marc (2002). Erica Ehrenberg (ed.). In Search of Prestige: Foreign Contacts and the Rise of an Elite in Early Dynastic Babylonia. Eisenbrauns. p. 125-137 [133]. ISBN 9781575060552. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ a b Wyatt, Lucy (2010). Approaching Chaos: Could an Ancient Archetype Save 21st Century Civilization?. O Books. p. 120. ISBN 9781846942556. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ Hasselbach (2005). p. 4.
- ^ a b Sommerfeld, Walter (2021). Vita, Juan-Pablo (ed.). The "Kish Civilization". Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Vol. 1. BRILL. pp. 545–554. ISBN 9789004445215. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S.; Mulligan, C.J. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proc Biol Sci. 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC 2839953. PMID 19403539.
- ^ a b c d Hasselbach, Rebecca (2005). Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 3. ISBN 9783447051729.
- ^ Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (1971). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780521077910.
- ^ Foster, Benjamin Read; Polinger Foster, Karen (2009). Civilizations of Ancient Iraq. Princeton University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0691137223.
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