Turkish Armed Forces: 639,551 (2016):[46] Gendarmerie: 148,700 (2009)[47] Police: 225,000 Village Guards: 65,000 (2010)[48] Total Force: 1,000,000+ Units engaged with PKK: 6th Corps: 40,000~ 7th Corps: 40,000~ 8th Corps: 40,000~ 9th Corps: 40,000~ OHAL District Gendarmerie Commands: 33,000-55,000 (Mainly active between 1984 and 2000, after PKK limited their fighting to Northern Iraq region in 2016)
Before 2015: 70,000+ PKK members killed or captured[77][78][79][80][81] 2015–present: 39,000+ PKK and YPG members killed or captured (AA estimate)[82] Total: 70,000-109,000+ killed or captured
A revolutionary group, the PKK was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis, Lice by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan.[124] The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey.[125][126] At the time, the use of Kurdish language, dress, folklore, and names were banned in Kurdish-inhabited areas.[127] In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as "Mountain Turks" during the 1930s and 1940s.[127][128][129] The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government.[130] Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life until 1991.[131] Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.[132]
The PKK was formed in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's Kurdish minority.[133] However, the full-scale insurgency did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 have died, the vast majority of whom were Kurdish civilians.[134] Both sides were accused of numerous human rightsabuses during the conflict. The European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses.[135][136] Many judgments are related to the systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[137] torture,[138] forced displacements,[139] destroyed villages,[140][141][142]arbitrary arrests,[143] and the forced disappearance or murder of Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians.[144][145][146] Teachers who provided and students who demanded education in Kurdish language were prosecuted and sentenced for supporting terrorism of the PKK.[147] On the other hand, the PKK has faced international condemnation, mainly by Turkish allies, for using terrorist tactics, which include civilian massacres, summary executions, suicide bombers, and child soldiers, and involvement in drug trafficking.[148][149] The organization is historically to blame for the burning of schools and killing of teachers who they accused of "destroying Kurdish identity", attacks on hospitals which resulted in the death of doctors and nurses, and allegedly the kidnapping of foreign tourists for ransom.[citation needed][150][151]
In February 1999, PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was arrested in Nairobi, Kenya by a group of special forces personnel[152] and taken to Turkey, where he remains in prison on an island in the Sea of Marmara.[153] The first insurgency lasted until March 1993, when the PKK declared a unilateral ceasefire.[154] Fighting resumed the same year.[155] In 2013, the Turkish government started talks with Öcalan. Following mainly secret negotiations, a largely successful ceasefire was put in place by both the Turkish state and the PKK. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the "end of armed struggle" and a ceasefire with peace talks.[40]
The conflict resumed following the Ceylanpınar incidents, in which the PKK killed two Turkish policemen in the Suruç bombing.[156][157] With the resumption of violence, hundreds of Kurdish civilians have been killed by both sides and numerous human rights violations have occurred, including torture and widespread destruction of property.[158][159] Substantial parts of many Kurdish-majority cities including Diyarbakır, Şırnak, Mardin, Cizre, Nusaybin, and Yüksekova were destroyed in the clashes.[160]
^Marcus, Aliza (2007). Blood and belief : the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence. New York: New York University Press. pp. 44–48. ISBN978-0-8147-5711-6. OCLC85162306. The Suleymanlar saw these leftists as a threat to the existing order, while the Kurdistan Revolutionaries viewed oppressive, landowning tribes like the Suleymanlar as much the enemy as the state itself... In Hilvan, the Suleymanlar tribe renewed their attacks on the PKK, kidnapping and killing six villagers.
^Gonzalez-Perez, Margaret (2008). Women and Terrorism: Female Activity in Domestic and International Terror Groups. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN9781134040087. Throughout the 1990s, the PKK was engaged in ongoing guerrilla warfare with the PUK and the Democratic Kurdistan Party (Ahmed and Parker 2007; Harding 2003). In fact, the Iraqi Kurds prefer to see Turkey's PKK not only disbanded but banned from Iraq.
^ abcdFaucompret, Erik; Konings, Jozef (2008). Turkish Accession to the EU: Satisfying the Copenhagen Criteria. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 168. ISBN9780203928967. The Turkish establishment considered the Kurds' demand for the recognition of their identity a threat to the territorial integrity of the state, the more so because the PKK was supported by countries hostile to Turkey: Soviet Union, Greece, Cyprus, Iran and especially Syria. Syria hosted the organization and its leader for twenty years, and it provided training facilities in the Beka'a Valley of Syrian-controlled northern Lebanon.
^Bal, İdris (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era. Boca Raton, Fl.: BrownWalker Press. p. 359. ISBN9781581124231. With the explicit supports of some Arab countries for the PKK such as Syria...
^Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles In Terror: The Guide To Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 185. ISBN9780742535251. PKK has had substantial operations in northern Iraq, with the support of Iran and Syria.
^Shapir, Yiftah (1998). The Middle East Military Balance, 1996. Jerusalem, Israel: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University. p. 114. ISBN9780231108928. The PKK was originally established as a Marxist party, with ties to the Soviet Union
^Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan. Ali (2013). Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books. p. 96. ISBN9780739184035. The USSR, and then Russia, also supported the PKK for many years.
^Phillips, David L. (2009). From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 129. ISBN9781412812016. Iran's Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran) trained the PKK in Lebanon's Beka'a Valley. Iran supported the PKK despite Turkey's strict neutrality during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988).
^"Terrorism Havens: Iraq". Council on Foreign Relations. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016. Saddam has aided...the Kurdistan Workers' Party (known by its Turkish initials, PKK), a separatist group fighting the Turkish government.
^Senbas, Demet (2018). Post-Cold War Relations between Turkey and Syria. p. 28. KDP and PUK thought that they needed Turkey's support against PKK which had gained Saddam's support.
^Ciment, James (2015), World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era, Routledge, p. 721, Other groups that have received Libyan support include the Turkish PKK...
^Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995, BRILL, 1997, ISBN9789004108615, p. 13.
^Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis', p. 14.
^ ab14 taken (May 1993),[1] 8 taken (Oct. 2007),[citation needed] 23 taken (2011–12),[2]Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine 8 released (Feb. 2015),[3] 20 taken/released (June–Sep. 2015),[4] 20 held (Dec. 2015),[5] 2 taken (Jan. 2016),[6] total of 95 reported taken
^ ab20 as of Dec. 2015,[7] 2 taken Jan. 2016,[8] total of 22 reported currently held
^22,374 killed (1984–2015),[10]Archived 11 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 9,500 killed (2015–2016), [11] 600 killed (2017),[12], 203,000 arrested (1984–2012),[13], 62,145 captured from 2003 to 2011, total of 31,874 reported killed and 203,000 arrested
^Jenkins, Gareth (2010). "A New Front in the PKK Insurgency". International Relations and Security Network (ISN). International Relations and Security Network (ISN). Retrieved 27 December 2015.
^Saatci, Mustafa (2002). "Nation–states and ethnic boundaries: modern Turkish identity and Turkish–Kurdish conflict". Nations and Nationalism. 8 (4): 549–564. doi:10.1111/1469-8219.00065. S2CID144368127.
^Cite error: The named reference security was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council. "The Kurdish conflict (1984–2006)". Internal-displacement.org. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^Brauns, Nicholas; Kiechle, Brigitte (2010). PKK, Perspektiven des Kurdischen Freiheitskampfes: Zwischen Selbstbestimmung, EU und Islam. Stuttgart: Schmetterling Verlag. p. 45. ISBN978-3896575647.
^Eder, Mine (2016). "Turkey". In Lust, Ellen (ed.). The Middle East (14 ed.). CQ Press. ISBN978-1506329307. The Turkish military responded with a ferocious counterinsurgency campaign that led to the deaths of nearly 40,000 people, most of them Turkish Kurdish civilians, and the displacement of more than three million Kurds from southeastern Turkey.
^"Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey"(PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. February 2017. Some of the most extensively damaged sites are Nusaybin, Derik and Dargeçit (Mardin); Sur, Bismil and Dicle (Diyarbakır); and Cizre and Silopi (Şırnak).
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