Back Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof Afrikaans Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof ALS Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof AN لودفيك زامنهوف Arabic لودڤيك تسامنهوف ARY لودفيك زامنهوف ARZ L. L. Zamenhof AST Lüdviq Lazar Zamenhof Azerbaijani Людвик Лазарь Заменһоф Bashkir L. L. Zamenhof BCL
L. L. Zamenhof | |
|---|---|
 Zamenhof, c. 1895 | |
| Born | Leyzer Zamengov[a] 15 December 1859[b] |
| Died | 14 April 1917[b] (aged 57) |
| Burial place | Jewish Cemetery, Warsaw 52°14′43″N 20°58′34″E / 52.24528°N 20.97611°E |
| Occupation | Ophthalmologist |
| Known for | Esperanto |
| Spouse | |
| Children | |
| Awards | Legion of Honour (Officer, 1905) |
| Writing career | |
| Pen name | Dr. Esperanto |
| Notable works |
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| Signature | |
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L. L. Zamenhof[a] (15 December 1859 – 14 April 1917)[b] was the creator of Esperanto, the most widely used constructed international auxiliary language.[1][2]
Zamenhof published Esperanto in 1887, although his initial ideas date back as far as 1873. He grew up fascinated by the idea of a world without war and believed that this could happen with the help of a new international auxiliary language (IAL).[3] The language was intended as a tool to gather people together through neutral, fair, equitable communication.[4] He successfully formed a community which has survived to this day, despite the World Wars of the 20th century [5] and various attempts to reform the language or create more modern IALs (Esperanto itself had displaced another similarly-motivated language, Volapük). Additionally, Esperanto has developed like other languages: through the interaction and creativity of its users.[6]
In light of his achievements, and his support of intercultural dialogue, UNESCO selected Zamenhof as one of its eminent personalities of 2017, on the 100th anniversary of his death.[7][8] According to Esperanto communities, as of 2019 there are approximately 2 million people speaking Esperanto, including approximately 1,000 native speakers,[9][10] although evidence to that has been heavily disputed,[11] and the last major effort to improve the estimate occurred in 2004.[9]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Korzhenkov, Aleksandr (2009). Zamenhof: The Life, Works, and Ideas of the Author of Esperanto (PDF). Translated by Ian M. Richmond. Washington, D.C.: Esperantic Studies Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Jason Zaskywas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Gabriela Zalewska (2010). "Zamenhof, Ludwik (1859–1917)". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Trans. by Anna Grojec. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ^ Guilherme Moreira Fians, Hoping for the language of Hope Archived 14 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, University of Amsterdam, ACLC Seminar, Amsterdam Institute for Humanities Research (AIHR),
- ^ Gobbo, Federico (8 October 2015). "An alternative globalisation: why learn Esperanto today?". University of Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
- ^ Humphrey Tonkin, Fourth Interlinguistic Symposium, p. 213, JKI-12-2017[1] (pdf).
- ^ Fourth Interlinguistic Symposium, p. 209, [permanent dead link]#x5D;.pdf JKI-12-2017[1].
- ^ "Anniversaries 2017". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
- ^ a b "Esperanto". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ^ Babbel.com; GmbH, Lesson Nine. "What Is Esperanto, And Who Speaks It?". Babbel Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
- ^ Folio, Libera (13 February 2017). "Nova takso: 60.000 parolas Esperanton". Libera Folio (in Esperanto). Retrieved 16 February 2025.
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