Lifestyle causes of type 2 diabetes

A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes including: obesity, physical activity, diet, stress, and urbanization.^[1] Excess body fat underlies 64% of cases of diabetes in men and 77% of cases in women.^[2] A number of dietary factors such as sugar sweetened drinks^[3]^[4] and the type of fat in the diet appear to play a role.^[5]

In one study, those who had high levels of physical activity, a healthy diet, did not smoke, and consumed alcohol in moderation had an 82% lower rate of diabetes. When a normal weight was included, the rate was 89% lower. In this study, a healthy diet was defined as one high in fiber, with a high polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio, lower trans fats consumption, and a lower mean glycemic index.^[6]

^ Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, eds. (2011). Williams textbook of endocrinology (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1371–1435. ISBN 978-1-4377-0324-5.
^ Visscher TL, Snijder MB, Seidell JC (2009). "Epidemiology: Definition and Classification of Obesity". In Kopelman PG, Caterson ID, Dietz WH (eds.). Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4443-0763-4.
^ Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Hu FB (23 March 2010). "Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk". Circulation. 121 (11): 1356–1364. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185. PMC 2862465. PMID 20308626.
^ Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Willett WC, Hu FB (November 2010). "Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis". Diabetes Care. 33 (11): 2477–2483. doi:10.2337/dc10-1079. PMC 2963518. PMID 20693348.
^ Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB (January 2009). "Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes". Progress in Lipid Research. 48 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002. PMC 2654180. PMID 19032965.
^ Mozaffarian D, Kamineni A, Carnethon M, Djoussé L, Mukamal KJ, Siscovic D (April 2009). "Lifestyle Risk Factors and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study". Archives of Internal Medicine. 169 (8): 798–807. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.21. PMC 2828342. PMID 19398692.

[Will2011-1] Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM, eds. (2011). Williams textbook of endocrinology (12th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1371–1435. ISBN 978-1-4377-0324-5.

[2] Visscher TL, Snijder MB, Seidell JC (2009). "Epidemiology: Definition and Classification of Obesity". In Kopelman PG, Caterson ID, Dietz WH (eds.). Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4443-0763-4.

[SSB2010-3] Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Hu FB (23 March 2010). "Sugar-sweetened beverages, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease risk". Circulation. 121 (11): 1356–1364. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876185. PMC 2862465. PMID 20308626.

[Malik_2477–83-4] Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Després JP, Willett WC, Hu FB (November 2010). "Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis". Diabetes Care. 33 (11): 2477–2483. doi:10.2337/dc10-1079. PMC 2963518. PMID 20693348.

[Fat2009-5] Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB (January 2009). "Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes". Progress in Lipid Research. 48 (1): 44–51. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002. PMC 2654180. PMID 19032965.

[Mozaffarian-et_al-2009-6] Mozaffarian D, Kamineni A, Carnethon M, Djoussé L, Mukamal KJ, Siscovic D (April 2009). "Lifestyle Risk Factors and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study". Archives of Internal Medicine. 169 (8): 798–807. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.21. PMC 2828342. PMID 19398692.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]