Light-dependent reactions

Light-dependent reactions are certain photochemical reactions involved in photosynthesis, the main process by which plants acquire energy. There are two light dependent reactions: the first occurs at photosystem II (PSII) and the second occurs at photosystem I (PSI).

PSII absorbs a photon to produce a so-called high energy electron which transfers via an electron transport chain to cytochrome b₆f and then to PSI. The then-reduced PSI, absorbs another photon producing a more highly reducing electron, which converts NADP⁺ to NADPH. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen (O₂) as a by-product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis, various electron donors are used. Cytochrome b₆f and ATP synthase work together to produce ATP (photophosphorylation) in two distinct ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b₆f uses electrons from PSII and energy from PSI^{[citation needed]} to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The resulting proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b₆f uses electrons and energy from PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.

The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:

2H
₂O + 2NADP⁺
+ 3ADP + 3P_i → O
₂ + 2 H⁺ + 2NADPH + 3ATP

PSI and PSII are light-harvesting complexes. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and transforms light energy into chemical forms.