Linguistic imperialism

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Linguistic imperialism or language imperialism is occasionally defined as "the transfer of a dominant language to other people".^{[citation needed]}

Such language "transfer" (or rather unilateral imposition) comes about because of imperialism.^{[citation needed]} The transfer is considered to be a sign of power, with "power" traditionally connoting military power but also, in the modern world, economic power. Aspects of the dominant culture are usually transferred along with the language. In spatial terms, a few of Europe's hundreds of indigenous languages are employed in the function of official (state) languages in Eurasia, while only non-indigenous imperial (European) languages in the "Rest of the World".^[1] In the modern world, linguistic imperialism may also be considered in the context of international development, affecting the standard by which organizations like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank evaluate the trustworthiness and value of structural adjustment loans by virtue of views that are commonly foregrounded in English-language discourse and not neutral (linguistic relativism).^[2]

Since the early 1990s, linguistic imperialism has attracted attention among scholars of applied linguistics. In particular, Robert Phillipson's 1992 book, Linguistic Imperialism, has led to considerable debate about the merits and shortcomings of the phenomenon. Phillipson found denunciations of linguistic imperialism that dated back to Nazi critiques of the British Council^[3] (European aristocracy was, at the time, agreeing on the use of English), and to Soviet analyses of English as the language of world capitalism and world domination.^[4] In this vein, criticism of English as a world language is often rooted in anti-globalism.