From left to right, top to bottom: (a) Prithvi Narayan Shah, who began the unification process of the present-day country of Nepal; (b) Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah, during whose reign the British attacked Nepal and forced him to sign the Treaty of Sugauli, which defined the present-day borders; (c) Tribhuvan, who ended the Rana regime and reduced the role of the monarch to that of a figurehead; (d) Mahendra, who began direct rule by the king and introduced the Panchayat system; (e) Birendra, who made the country a constitutional monarchy; (f) Gyanendra, who was deposed and became the last king of Nepal.
In 1950, Tribhuvan went into exile at the Indian Embassy in a campaign aimed at removing the Ranas from power, in response Gyanendra, grandson of Tribhuvan was named the new king of Nepal by the Rana government.[24] Tribhuvan returned to Nepal after a mutual agreement between Ranas (which ended the Ranas rule) and was crowned the king again in 1951.[25] Upon Tribhuvan's death, Mahendra became king in 1955.[26] In 1960, he began the party-less political system, Panchayat.[27] During a hunting event, he suffered a heart attack, and his son Birendra assumed the throne in 1975, two years after his father's death.[28][29] In 1990, pro-democracy riots broke out in Nepal, resulting in the country becoming a constitutional monarchy.[30] On 1 June 2001, the Nepalese royal family were killed in a mass shooting, including the king, and the government named Birendra's son Dipendra as the perpetrator.[31] Dipendra went into a coma after shooting himself and was declared king while in the coma; he died in hospital three days later.[32][33] His uncle Gyanendra was crowned again and his reign saw the growing insurgency of the Nepalese Civil War.[34] In 2008, Gyanendra stepped down as the king of Nepal and the country became the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal.[35][36]
^Bhattarai, Krishna P. (2009). Nepal. Infobase Publishing. pp. 38–39. ISBN978-1-4381-0523-9. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
^Rolamba. Joshi Research Institute. 1985. p. 16. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
^Stiller, Ludwig F. (1993). Nepal: Growth of a Nation. Human Resources Development Research Center. p. 39. ASINB0000CQTQ3. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
^Aryal, I. R.; Dhungyal, T. P. (1970). A New History of Nepal. Voice of Nepal; [distributor: Educational Enterprise. p. 184. ASINB0000CQPYF. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
^Tuladhar, Daman Raj (1980). Contemporary Nepal, 1945-1955. Laxmi Publications. p. 22. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
^Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Background Notes, Nepal. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division. 1984. p. 4. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).