Back Litiumioonbattery Afrikaans بطارية أيونات الليثيوم Arabic Литиевойонна батерия Bulgarian লিথিয়াম-আয়ন ব্যাটারি Bengali/Bangla Bateria d'ió liti Catalan Lithium-iontový akumulátor Czech Batri lithiwm-ion Welsh Lithium-ion-akkumulator Danish Lithium-Ionen-Akkumulator German Μπαταρία ιόντων λιθίου Greek

Lithium-ion battery

"Lithium-ion" redirects here. For the metal element, see Lithium.
"Liion" redirects here and is not to be confused with Lion.

Lithium-ion battery
A lithium-ion battery pack from a laptop computer
Specific energy1–270 W⋅h/kg (3.6–972.0 kJ/kg)[1]
Energy density250–693 W⋅h/L (900–2,490 J/cm3)[2][3]
Specific power1–10,000 W/kg[1]
Charge/discharge efficiency80–90%[4]
Energy/consumer-price8.7 Wh/US$ (US$115/kWh)[5]
Self-discharge rate0.35% to 2.5% per month depending on state of charge[6]
Cycle durability400–1,200 cycles [7]
Nominal cell voltage3.6 / 3.7 / 3.8 / 3.85 V, LiFePO
4 3.2 V, Li
4Ti
5O
12 2.3 V

A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li+ ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. Li-ion batteries are characterized by higher specific energy, energy density, and energy efficiency and a longer cycle life and calendar life than other types of rechargeable batteries. Also noteworthy is a dramatic improvement in lithium-ion battery properties after their market introduction in 1991; over the following 30 years, their volumetric energy density increased threefold while their cost dropped tenfold.[8] In late 2024 global demand passed 1 terawatt-hour per year,[9] while production capacity was more than twice that.[10]

The invention and commercialization of Li-ion batteries has had a large impact on technology,[11] as recognized by the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Li-ion batteries have enabled portable consumer electronics, laptop computers, cellular phones, and electric cars. Li-ion batteries also see significant use for grid-scale energy storage as well as military and aerospace applications.

M. Stanley Whittingham conceived intercalation electrodes in the 1970s and created the first rechargeable lithium-ion battery, based on a titanium disulfide cathode and a lithium-aluminium anode, although it suffered from safety problems and was never commercialized.[12] John Goodenough expanded on this work in 1980 by using lithium cobalt oxide as a cathode.[13] The first prototype of the modern Li-ion battery, which uses a carbonaceous anode rather than lithium metal, was developed by Akira Yoshino in 1985 and commercialized by a Sony and Asahi Kasei team led by Yoshio Nishi in 1991.[14] Whittingham, Goodenough, and Yoshino were awarded the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their contributions to the development of lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries can be a fire or explosion hazard as they contain flammable electrolytes. Progress has been made in the development and manufacturing of safer lithium-ion batteries.[15] Lithium-ion solid-state batteries are being developed to eliminate the flammable electrolyte.[16] Recycled batteries can create toxic waste, including from toxic metals, and are a fire risk.[citation needed] Both lithium and other minerals can have significant issues in mining, with lithium being water intensive in often arid regions and other minerals used in some Li-ion chemistries potentially being conflict minerals such as cobalt.[17] Environmental issues have encouraged some researchers to improve mineral efficiency and find alternatives such as lithium iron phosphate lithium-ion chemistries or non-lithium-based battery chemistries such as sodium-ion and iron-air batteries.

"Li-ion battery" can be considered a generic term involving at least 12 different chemistries; see List of battery types. Lithium-ion cells can be manufactured to optimize energy density or power density.[18] Handheld electronics mostly use lithium polymer batteries (with a polymer gel as an electrolyte), a lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO
2) cathode material, and a graphite anode, which together offer high energy density.[19][20] Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO
4),[21] lithium manganese oxide (LiMn
2O
4 spinel, or Li
2MnO
3-based lithium-rich layered materials, LMR-NMC), and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO
2 or NMC) may offer longer life and a higher discharge rate. NMC and its derivatives are widely used in the electrification of transport, one of the main technologies (combined with renewable energy) for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles.[22]

  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference mw was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ "NCR18650B" (PDF). Panasonic. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  3. ^ "NCR18650GA" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  4. ^ Valøen, Lars Ole; Shoesmith, Mark I. (1–2 November 2007). The effect of PHEV and HEV duty cycles on battery and battery pack performance (PDF). Proceedings of the Plug-in Highway Electric Vehicle Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009.
  5. ^ "Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Prices See Largest Drop Since 2017, Falling to $115 per Kilowatt-Hour: BloombergNEF". Bloomberg New Energy Finance. 10 December 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Redondo-Iglesias-2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ "Battery Types and Characteristics for HEV". ThermoAnalytics. 2007. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  8. ^ Chagas, Luciana Gomes; Jeong, Sangsik; Hasa, Ivana; Passerini, Stefano (26 June 2019). "Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Tuning Properties To Enhance the Electrochemical Performance of Manganese-Based Layered Oxide Cathode". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 11 (25): 22278–22289. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b03813. ISSN 1944-8244. PMID 31144802.
  9. ^ Maisch, Marija (20 December 2024). "Annual lithium-ion demand surpasses 1 TWh for the first time". Energy Storage.
  10. ^ Rayner, Tristan (2 January 2025). "The battery boom of 2024 as one of five trends in renewables". Energy Storage.
  11. ^ The lithium-ion battery: State of the art and future perspectives. 2018. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 89/292-308. G. Zubi, R. Dufo-Lopez, M. Carvalho, G. Pasaoglu. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.002.
  12. ^ "Binghamton professor recognized for energy research". The Research Foundation for the State University of New York. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  13. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019". Nobel Prize. Nobel Foundation. 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  14. ^ "Yoshio Nishi". National Academy of Engineering. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  15. ^ Chen, Yuqing; Kang, Yuqiong; Zhao, Yun; Wang, Li; Liu, Jilei; Li, Yanxi; Liang, Zheng; He, Xiangming; Li, Xing; Tavajohi, Naser; Li, Baohua (2021). "A review of lithium-ion battery safety concerns: The issues, strategies, and testing standards". Journal of Energy Chemistry. 59: 83–99. Bibcode:2021JEnCh..59...83C. doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2020.10.017. S2CID 228845089.
  16. ^ "Flameproofing lithium-ion batteries with salt". SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. 7 December 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2025. A new class of polymer-based electrolytes that are nonflammable even at high temperatures is being developed to improve lithium-ion battery safety.
  17. ^ Gross, Daniel A. (7 January 2021). "The Lithium Gold Rush: Inside the Race to Power Electric Vehicles". Yale Environment 360. Retrieved 28 May 2025. Lithium extraction is extremely water intensive and is taking place in some of the driest places on Earth, threatening fragile ecosystems and Indigenous livelihoods.
  18. ^ Lain, Michael J.; Brandon, James; Kendrick, Emma (December 2019). "Design Strategies for High Power vs. High Energy Lithium Ion Cells". Batteries. 5 (4): 64. doi:10.3390/batteries5040064. Commercial lithium ion cells are now optimized for either high energy density or high power density. There is a trade-off in cell design between power and energy requirements.
  19. ^ Mauger, A; Julien, C.M. (28 June 2017). "Critical review on lithium-ion batteries: are they safe? Sustainable?" (PDF). Ionics. 23 (8): 1933–1947. doi:10.1007/s11581-017-2177-8. S2CID 103350576. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ellis-2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ "Lithium iron phosphate". 26 March 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  22. ^ Zhang, Runsen; Fujimori, Shinichiro (19 February 2020). "The role of transport electrification in global climate change mitigation scenarios". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (3): 034019. Bibcode:2020ERL....15c4019Z. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab6658. hdl:2433/245921. ISSN 1748-9326. S2CID 212866886.

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