Lymph heart

A lymph heart is an organ which pumps lymph in lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, and flightless birds back into the circulatory system.^[1]^[2] In some amphibian species, lymph hearts are in pairs, and may number as many as 200 in one animal the size of a worm, while newts and salamanders have as many as 16 to 23 pairs of lymph hearts.^[2]^[3]

Lymph hearts are thought to have evolved in Rhipidistia. Mammals have lost the lymph heart as a centralized organ, instead having the lymph vessel themselves contract to pump lymph.^[2]

^ Martin, Feder (15 Oct 1992). Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians. University of Chicago Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780226239446. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hedrick, Michael S.; Hillman, Stanley S.; Drewes, Robert C.; Withers, Philip C. (1 July 2013). "Lymphatic regulation in nonmammalian vertebrates". Journal of Applied Physiology. 115 (3): 297–308. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00201.2013. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 23640588.
^ Banda, Chihena H.; Shiraishi, Makoto; Mitsui, Kohei; Okada, Yoshimoto; Danno, Kanako; Ishiura, Ryohei; Maemura, Kaho; Chiba, Chikafumi; Mizoguchi, Akira; Imanaka-Yoshida, Kyoko; Maruyama, Kazuaki; Narushima, Mitsunaga (2023-04-27). "Structural and functional analysis of the newt lymphatic system". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 6902. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34169-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10140069. PMID 37106059.

[martin-1] Martin, Feder (15 Oct 1992). Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians. University of Chicago Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780226239446. Retrieved 6 January 2015.

[Hedrick-2] Hedrick, Michael S.; Hillman, Stanley S.; Drewes, Robert C.; Withers, Philip C. (1 July 2013). "Lymphatic regulation in nonmammalian vertebrates". Journal of Applied Physiology. 115 (3): 297–308. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00201.2013. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 23640588.

[:0-3] Banda, Chihena H.; Shiraishi, Makoto; Mitsui, Kohei; Okada, Yoshimoto; Danno, Kanako; Ishiura, Ryohei; Maemura, Kaho; Chiba, Chikafumi; Mizoguchi, Akira; Imanaka-Yoshida, Kyoko; Maruyama, Kazuaki; Narushima, Mitsunaga (2023-04-27). "Structural and functional analysis of the newt lymphatic system". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 6902. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34169-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10140069. PMID 37106059.

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