Lymphotoxin alpha

LTA
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1TNR, 4MXV, 4MXW
Identifiers
Aliases	LTA, LT, TNFB, TNFSF1, Lymphotoxin alpha, TNLG1E
External IDs	OMIM: 153440; MGI: 104797; HomoloGene: 497; GeneCards: LTA; OMA:LTA - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 6 (human)[1] Band 6p21.33 Start 31,572,054 bp[1] End 31,574,324 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 17 (mouse)[2] Band 17 B1|17 18.59 cM Start 35,422,141 bp[2] End 35,424,327 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in testicle granulocyte lymph node blood appendix spleen right testis left testis tonsil bone marrow Top expressed in spleen white pulp embryo embryo thymus cortex of thymus granulocyte medulla of thymus colon muscle of thigh More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function cytokine activity tumor necrosis factor receptor binding signaling receptor binding protein binding Cellular component membrane plasma membrane extracellular region extracellular space Biological process positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus response to hypoxia response to nutrient cell-cell signaling positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin positive regulation of interferon-gamma production tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway response to lipopolysaccharide humoral immune response immune response positive regulation of apoptotic process lymph node development positive regulation of glial cell proliferation negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation signal transduction defense response to Gram-positive bacterium apoptotic process regulation of signaling receptor activity Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 4049 16992 Ensembl ENSG00000231408 ENSG00000223919 ENSG00000173503 ENSG00000226275 ENSG00000230279 ENSG00000238130 ENSG00000226979 ENSMUSG00000024402 UniProt P01374 P09225 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000595 NM_001159740 NM_010735 RefSeq (protein) NP_000586 NP_001153212 NP_034865 Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 31.57 – 31.57 Mb Chr 17: 35.42 – 35.42 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-α) formerly known as tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β)^[5][6] is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTA gene.^[7][8] Belonging to the hematopoietic cell line, LT-α exhibits anti-proliferative activity and causes the cellular destruction of tumor cell lines.^[7] As a cytotoxic protein, LT-α performs a variety of important roles in immune regulation depending on the form that it is secreted as. Unlike other members of the TNF superfamily, LT-α is only found as a soluble homotrimer, when found at the cell surface it is found only as a heterotrimer with LTβ.^[9]

LT-α has a significant impact on the maintenance of the immune system including the development of secondary lymphoid organs.^[10][11] Absence of LT-α leads to the disruption of gastrointestinal development, prevents Peyer's patch development, and results in a disorganized spleen.^[12]

As a signaling molecule, LT-α is involved in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.^[13] LT-α plays an important role in innate immune regulation and its presence has been shown to prevent tumor growth and destroy cancerous cell lines.^[14] In contrast, unregulated expression of LT-α can result in a constantly active signaling pathway, thus leading to uncontrolled cellular growth and creation of tumors.^[13] Hence depending on the context, LT-α may function to prevent growth of cancer cells or facilitate the development of tumors. Furthermore, LT-α effects depend on the type of organ it acts upon, type of cancer cells, cellular environment, gender, and time of effect during an immune response.^[15][14]