Malla dynasty (Nepal)

Malla confederacy
मल्ल वंश
*Malla saṅgha*
Malla confederacy मल्ल वंश; Malla saṅgha
1201–1769
	South Asia; 1400 CE DELHI SULTANATE (TUGHLAQS) TIMURID; EMPIRE SHAH MIR; SULTANATE PHAGMODRUPAS SAMMAS MARYUL GUGE KUMAON KANGRA KALMAT GUJARAT; GOVERNORATE BAHMANI; SULTANATE KHANDESH; SULTANATE TOMARAS TWIPRA EASTERN; GANGAS KAMATAS SUGAUNAS MALLA NAGVANSIS AHOM CHUTIA BENGAL; SULTANATE VIJAYANAGARA; EMPIRE REDDI MALWA; SULTANATE JAISALMER MEWAR MARWAR KARAULI AMBER SIROHI AMARKOT VAGAD MEWAT JAUNPUR; SULTANATE GONDWANA Approximate location of the Malla confederacy in the 15th century as per A Historical Atlas of South Asia
Common languages	Newari (official, court language, literature, administration) ; Maithili (literary and court language)
Religion	Hinduism
Historical era	Medieval Nepal
• Established	1201
• Disestablished	1769
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Thakuri dynasty
Kingdom of Nepal

The Malla dynasty (Nepali: मल्ल वंश:;Malla vanśa) also known as the Malla confederacy, was the ruling dynasty of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal from 1201 to 1779. This dynasty was founded by Arideva Malla. Though the latter Mallas were regarded as belonging to the Raghuvamsha dynasty, they were also seen as continuations and descendants of the Licchavi dynasty. Later Malla kings also traced one section of their lineage from Nanyadeva, the founder of the Karnat dynasty of Mithila.^[7] The term malla means wrestler in Sanskrit. The first use of the word malla in the Kathmandu Valley began in 1201.

The Malla period stretched over 600 years, as they presided over and flourished the Newar civilization of Nepal Mandala which developed as one of the most sophisticated urban civilisations in the Himalayan foothills and a key destination on the India-Tibet trade route.^[8] While Newari was the language of the common people, Maithili was the literary and court language.^[6] But later Newari developed as the court and state language of Nepal from the 14th to the late 18th centuries.^[2]

Clockwise from top-left: (a) Kathmandu Durbar Square, the Royal palace of Malla King of Kantipur (b) Patan Durbar Square, the Royal palace of Malla King of Patan(c) Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the Royal palace of Malla King of Bhaktapur, as they all looked during 1850s.

^ Schwartzberg, Joseph (1992). A Historical Atlas of South Asia. University of Chicago Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780195068696.
^ ^a ^b Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. ISBN 81-208-0963-7. Page 3.
^ Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: History of Nepalbhasa Literature. Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. ISBN 99933-56-00-X. Page 37.
^ Tumbahang, Govinda Bahadur (2010). "Marginalization of Indigenous Languages of Nepal" (PDF). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. 37 (1): 73–74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
^ Vajracarya, Dhanavajra and Malla, Kamal P. (1985) The Gopalarajavamsavali. Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH.
^ ^a ^b Yadav, Ramawatar (2011). "Medieval Maithili stagecraft in the Nepalamandala: the Bhaktapur school". Contributions to Nepalese Studies.
^ Brinkhaus, Horst (1991). "The Descent of the Nepalese Malla Dynasty as Reflected by Local Chroniclers". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 111 (1): 118–122. doi:10.2307/603754. JSTOR 603754.
^ Gellner, David N. (1986). "Language, Caste, Religion and Territory: Newar Identity Ancient and Modern". European Journal of Sociology. Retrieved 2 May 2011.

[Schwartzberg1992-1] Schwartzberg, Joseph (1992). A Historical Atlas of South Asia. University of Chicago Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780195068696.

[Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3-2] Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. ISBN 81-208-0963-7. Page 3.

[3] Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: History of Nepalbhasa Literature. Kathmandu: Nepal Bhasa Academy. ISBN 99933-56-00-X. Page 37.

[tumbahang2010-4] Tumbahang, Govinda Bahadur (2010). "Marginalization of Indigenous Languages of Nepal" (PDF). Contributions to Nepalese Studies. 37 (1): 73–74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.

[5] Vajracarya, Dhanavajra and Malla, Kamal P. (1985) The Gopalarajavamsavali. Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH.

[Yadav-6] Yadav, Ramawatar (2011). "Medieval Maithili stagecraft in the Nepalamandala: the Bhaktapur school". Contributions to Nepalese Studies.

[7] Brinkhaus, Horst (1991). "The Descent of the Nepalese Malla Dynasty as Reflected by Local Chroniclers". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 111 (1): 118–122. doi:10.2307/603754. JSTOR 603754.

[8] Gellner, David N. (1986). "Language, Caste, Religion and Territory: Newar Identity Ancient and Modern". European Journal of Sociology. Retrieved 2 May 2011.

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