Manuel Noriega

General Manuel Noriega
Noriega's mug shot after his surrender to U.S. forces in 1990
Military Leader of Panama
In office August 12, 1983 – December 20, 1989
President	Ricardo de la Espriella Jorge Illueca Nicolás Ardito Barletta Eric Arturo Delvalle Manuel Solís Palma Francisco Rodríguez
Preceded by	Rubén Darío Paredes
Succeeded by	Guillermo Endara as President
Personal details
Born	Manuel Noriega Moreno (1934-02-11)February 11, 1934[a]
Died	May 29, 2017(2017-05-29) (aged 83) Panama City, Panama
Spouse	Felicidad Sieiro de Noriega ​ ​ (m. 1960)​
Children	3
Alma mater	Chorrillos Military School School of the Americas
Conviction(s)	Crimes against humanity Money laundering Murder
Criminal penalty	40 years in prison (USA) 7 years in prison (FRA) 60 years in prison (PAN)
Date apprehended	January 3, 1990
Imprisoned at	Federal Correctional Institution, Miami (USA) La Santé Prison (FRA) El Renacer (PAN)
Military service
Allegiance	Panama
Branch/service	Panama Defense Forces
Years of service	1962–1990
Rank	General
Commands	Panama Defense Forces
Battles/wars	Invasion of Panama

Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (/mɑːnˈwɛl ˌnɔːriˈeɪɡə/ ^ⓘ mahn-WEL NOR-ee-AY-gə, Spanish: [maˈnwel noˈɾjeɣa]; February 11, 1934 – May 29, 2017)^[a] was a Panamanian politician, military officer who was the de facto ruler of Panama from 1983 to 1989. He never actually served as president of Panama, instead ruling as an unelected military dictator through puppet presidents. Amassing a personal fortune through drug trafficking operations by the Panamanian military, Noriega had longstanding ties with American intelligence agencies before the U.S. invasion of Panama removed him from power.

Born in Panama City to a poor pardo family, Noriega studied at the Chorrillos Military School in Lima and at the School of the Americas. He became an officer in the Panamanian army, and rose through the ranks in alliance with Omar Torrijos. In 1968, Torrijos overthrew President Arnulfo Arias in a coup. Noriega became chief of military intelligence in Torrijos's government and, after Torrijos's death in 1981, consolidated power to become Panama's de facto ruler in 1983. Beginning in the 1950s, Noriega worked with U.S. intelligence agencies, and became one of the Central Intelligence Agency's most valued intelligence sources. He also served as a conduit for illicit weapons, military equipment, and cash destined for U.S.-backed forces throughout Latin America.

Noriega's relationship with the U.S. deteriorated in the late 1980s after the murder of Hugo Spadafora and the forced resignation of President Nicolás Ardito Barletta. Eventually, his relationship with intelligence agencies in other countries came to light, and his involvement in drug trafficking was investigated further. In 1988, Noriega was indicted by federal grand juries in Miami and Tampa on charges of racketeering, drug smuggling, and money laundering. The U.S. launched an invasion of Panama following failed negotiations seeking his resignation, and Noriega's annulment of the 1989 Panamanian general election. Noriega was captured and flown to the U.S., where he was tried on the Miami indictment, convicted on most of the charges, and sentenced to 40 years in prison, ultimately serving 17 years after a reduction in his sentence for good behavior. Noriega was extradited to France in 2010, where he was convicted and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment for money laundering. In 2011 France extradited him to Panama, where he was incarcerated for crimes committed during his rule, for which he had been tried and convicted in absentia in the 1990s. Diagnosed with a brain tumor in March 2017, Noriega suffered complications during surgery, and died two months later.

Noriega's dictatorship was marked by repression of the media, an expansion of the military, and the persecution of political opponents, effectively controlling the outcomes of any elections. He relied upon military nationalism to maintain his support, and did not espouse a specific social or economic ideology. Noriega was known for his complicated relationship with the U.S., and was described as being its ally and nemesis simultaneously. He has been called one of the best-known dictators of his time, and compared to authoritarian rulers such as Muammar Gaddafi and Augusto Pinochet.

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