| Marcos family | |
|---|---|
| Political family | |
 (L-R) Bongbong Marcos, Ferdinand Marcos, Imelda Marcos, Imee Marcos, and Irene Marcos ascending the main Palace staircase on the day of Ferdinand Marcos Sr.'s second inaugural, in December 1969. | |
| Country | Philippines |
| Place of origin | Ilocos Norte |
| Members | Ferdinand Marcos, Imelda Marcos; Bongbong Marcos, Imee Marcos-Manotoc, Irene Marcos-Araneta, Aimee Marcos; Mariano Marcos; Michael Marcos Keon; Matthew Marcos Manotoc; Sandro Marcos; Louise Araneta-Marcos and others |
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The Marcos family (UK: /ˈmɑːrkɒs/ MAR-koss, US: /-koʊs, -kɔːs/ -kohss, -kawss,[1][2] Tagalog: [ˈmaɾkɔs]) is a political family in the Philippines. They have established themselves in the country's politics, having established a political dynasty[3][4] that traces its beginnings to the 1925 election of Mariano Marcos to the Philippine House of Representatives as congressman for the second district of Ilocos Norte;[5] reached its peak during the 21-year rule of Ferdinand Marcos as president of the Philippines that included his 14-year dictatorship beginning with the declaration of Martial Law throughout the country;[5][6] and continues today with the political careers of Imelda Marcos, Imee Marcos, Sandro Marcos and reached a fresh political apex with the presidency of Bongbong Marcos.[7]
Imee Marcos has attributed the continued reign of the Marcos family to the inherent feudalism of Philippine culture. Although nominally democratic, Philippine society effectively blocks individual Philippine citizens from having much political power, forcing them to be dependent on powerful figures that social scientists have called "bosses" or "caciques".[8][9][10] Sandro Marcos, the most politically prominent of the fourth generation of Marcoses, has argued that political dynasties are simply a "natural progression" for members of powerful families.[11]
Although Article II Section 26 of the current Philippine constitution, promulgated after the Marcoses were ousted from the Philippines in 1986,[3] explicitly prohibits the perpetuation of political dynasties,[12][13] little legislation has since been put in place to enforce the provision.[13] The prominence of the Marcos family in Philippine politics has been stopped twice. The first came with the victory of Julio Nalundasan over Mariano Marcos and the subsequent arrest of Ferdinand Marcos for his murder, the publicity for which brought Ferdinand Marcos to the national consciousness and eventually led to his rise to power.[5][6] The second was when the Marcos dictatorship was deposed by the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution and the family was exiled to Hawaii. After Ferdinand Marcos's 1989 death, the remaining members of the family were allowed to return to the Philippines to face various corruption charges in 1992. However, they were able to return to political power that same year, to the dismay of many Filipino people, with the election of Bongbong Marcos as congressman for the second district of Ilocos Norte.[14]
At least one other branch of the family, that of Ferdinand Sr.'s sister Elizabeth Marcos-Keon, is also in politics, with her son Michael Marcos Keon having been elected board member in 2004 and governor of Ilocos Norte in 2007.[15]
Bongbong Marcos ran and won in the 2010 Philippine Senate election, placing 7th place. The win was the first time a Marcos won a national position since the family's exile in 1986.
6 years later, Marcos Jr ran for the Vice Presidency of the Philippines, placing second place, losing by a slim margin to Camarines Sur representative Leni Robredo. Marcos filed a protest with the Presidential Electoral Tribunal. The protest and recount took 5 years, until in 2021 the Supreme Court junked the electoral protest for lack of evidence.[16]
During the 2019 Philippine Senate election, Imee Marcos the eldest daughter of Ferdinand Marcos, also the governor of Ilocos Norte, ran for the Senate of the Philippines and won, placing 8th.[17]
After 6 years, Bongbong Marcos announced his candidacy for President of the Philippines, promising unity and recovery, despite intense opposition due to his family's history.[18]
Despite his father's reputation, Bongbong Marcos won the 2022 Philippine presidential election and was sworn in on June 30, 2022, 36 years after his family was exiled by the People Power Revolution.[19]
- ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). "Marcos". Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
- ^ The New Websters Dictionary of the English Language. Lexicon Publications, Inc. 1994. p. 609. ISBN 0-7172-4690-6.
- ^ a b Curato, Nicole (October 1, 2012). "What is wrong with political dynasties?". GMA News Online. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- ^ "A dynasty on steroids". Sydney Morning Herald. November 23, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- ^ a b c Brillantes, Alex B. (1987). Dictatorship & martial law : Philippine authoritarianism in 1972. Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines College of Public Administration. ISBN 9718567011. OCLC 18045976.
- ^ a b Celoza, Albert F. (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 9780275941376.
- ^ "Enough to govern? Second Marcos president puts his 'faith in the Filipino'". Rappler. June 1, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
- ^ Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. (1991). Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso. pp. 224. ISBN 978-0-86091-546-1. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
- ^ Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, Cacique Democracy' Archived August 12, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Benedict Anderson, 'Cacique Democracy in the Philippines: Origins and Dreams', New Left Review, I (169), May–June 1988
- ^ Chua, Ryan (June 22, 2015). "Marcos son: Political dynasties 'natural'". ABS-CBN News.
- ^ Beja, Edsel L Jr. (August 17, 2015). "Proscribing the Political Dynasty". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ a b Fernandez, Erwin S. (July 9, 2014). "The curse called 'Political Dynasty'". Rappler.
- ^ "Timeline of Marcos family's political comeback in Philippines". Agence France-Presse. November 8, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- ^ Michael Keon: From sports to politics, Manila Standard Today, May 19, 2007.
- ^ Murallo, Audrey (July 28, 2017). "Marcos camp's conspiracy claim laughable, Robredo spokesman says". The Philippine Star. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
- ^ [1], May 14 2019.
- ^ [2], October 6. 2021.
- ^ [3], May 10. 2022.
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