Mesopotamian Marshes

Mesopotamian Marshes Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh
Chibaish Marshes
Location of the Mesopotamian Marshes (Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh)
Ecology
Realm	Palearctic
Biome	flooded grasslands and savannas
Borders	Arabian Desert South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert, Zagros Mountains forest steppe
Geography
Area	35,572 km2 (13,734 sq mi)
Countries	Iraq Iran Kuwait[1][2][3][4]
Conservation
Conservation status	Critical/endangered[5]
Protected	3,070 km² (9%)[6]

The Mesopotamian Marshes, also known as the Iraqi Marshes, are a wetland area located in Southern Iraq and southwestern Iran as well as partially in northern Kuwait.^{[7][1][2][3][4]} The marshes are primarily located on the floodplains of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers bound by the cities of Basra, Nasiriyah, Amarah and a portion of southwestern Iran and northern Kuwait (particularly Bubiyan Island). Historically the marshlands, mainly composed of the separate but adjacent Central, Hawizeh and Hammar Marshes, used to be the largest wetland ecosystem of Western Eurasia. The unique wetland landscape is home to the Marsh people, who have developed a unique culture tightly coupled to the landscape – harvesting reeds and rice, fishing and herding water buffalo.^[8][9][10]

Draining of portions of the marshes began in the 1950s and continued through the 1970s to reclaim land for agriculture and oil exploration. In the late 1980s and 1990s, during the presidency of Saddam Hussein, this work was expanded and accelerated to evict Marsh people from the marshes.^[11] Before 2003, the marshes were drained to 10% of their original size.^[12] After the American overthrow of Hussein in 2003, the marshes have partially recovered but drought along with upstream dam construction and operation in Turkey, Syria and Iran have hindered the process.^[13] Since 2016 the Mesopotamian marshes have been listed as an UNESCO Heritage Site.^[14]