Mirroring

Mirroring is the behavior in which one person subconsciously imitates the gesture, speech pattern, or attitude of another.^[1] Mirroring often occurs in social situations, particularly in the company of close friends or family, often going unnoticed by both parties. The concept often affects other individuals' notions about the individual that is exhibiting mirroring behaviors, which can lead to the individual building rapport with others.

Mirroring is distinct from conscious imitation under the premise that while the latter is a conscious, typically overt effort to copy another person, mirroring is unconsciously done during the act and often goes unnoticed.^[2] It has also been described as the chameleon effect.^[1]

The display of mirroring often begins as early as infancy, as babies begin to mimic individuals around them and establish connections with particular body movements.^[3] The ability to mimic another person's actions allows the infant to establish a sense of empathy and thus begin to understand another person's emotions. The infant continues to establish connections with other individual's emotions and subsequently mirror their movements.

Mirroring can establish rapport with the individual who is being mirrored, as the similarities in nonverbal gestures allow the individual to feel more connected with the person exhibiting the mirrored behavior.^[4] As the two individuals in the situation display similar nonverbal gestures, they may believe that they share similar attitudes and ideas as well. Mirror neurons react to and cause these movements, allowing the individuals to feel a greater sense of engagement and belonging within the situation.

^ ^a ^b Chartrand, T. L.; Bargh, J. A. (1999). "The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76 (6): 893–910. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893. PMID 10402679. S2CID 11818459. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-09.
^ Vartanov, A. V.; Izbasarova, S. A.; Neroznikova, Y. M.; Artamonov, I. M.; Artamonova, Y. N.; Vartanova, I. I. (2023). "The effect of psychological mirroring in telecommunicative dialogue". Cognitive Systems Research. 80: 110–117. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2023.02.008.
^ Rochat, Philippe; Passos-Ferreira, Claudia (2008). "From Imitation to Reciprocation and Mutual Recognition" (PDF). In Pineda, J. (ed.). Mirror Neuron Systems. Springer. pp. 191–212. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-479-7_9. ISBN 978-1-934115-34-3.
^ Iacoboni, M. (2008). Mirroring people: The new science of how we connect with others. New York, NY: Picador.

[Chartrand_&_Bargh-1] Chartrand, T. L.; Bargh, J. A. (1999). "The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76 (6): 893–910. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893. PMID 10402679. S2CID 11818459. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-09.

[2] Vartanov, A. V.; Izbasarova, S. A.; Neroznikova, Y. M.; Artamonov, I. M.; Artamonova, Y. N.; Vartanova, I. I. (2023). "The effect of psychological mirroring in telecommunicative dialogue". Cognitive Systems Research. 80: 110–117. doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2023.02.008.

[Pineda-3] Rochat, Philippe; Passos-Ferreira, Claudia (2008). "From Imitation to Reciprocation and Mutual Recognition" (PDF). In Pineda, J. (ed.). Mirror Neuron Systems. Springer. pp. 191–212. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-479-7_9. ISBN 978-1-934115-34-3.

[Iacoboni-4] Iacoboni, M. (2008). Mirroring people: The new science of how we connect with others. New York, NY: Picador.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]