Clinical data | |
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Pronunciation | /ˈmɔːrfiːn/ |
Trade names | Statex, MS Contin, Oramorph, others[1] |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682133 |
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Dependence liability | High |
Addiction liability | High[3] |
Routes of administration | Inhalation (smoking), insufflation (snorting), by mouth, rectal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, epidural, intrathecal |
Drug class | Opiate |
ATC code | |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 20–40% (by mouth), 36–71% (rectally),[9] 100% (IV/IM) |
Protein binding | 30–40% |
Metabolism | Liver: UGT2B7 |
Metabolites | • Morphine-3-glucuronide (90%) • Morphine-6-glucuronide (10%) |
Onset of action | 5 minutes (IV), 15 minutes (IM),[10] 20 minutes (PO)[11] |
Elimination half-life | 2–3 hours |
Duration of action | 3–7 hours[12][13] |
Excretion | Kidney 90%, bile duct 10% |
Identifiers | |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.291 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C17H19NO3 |
Molar mass | 285.343 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
Solubility in water | HCl & sulf.: 60 |
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Morphine, formerly also called morphia,[14] is an opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are numerous methods used to administer morphine: oral; sublingual; via inhalation; injection into a muscle, injection under the skin, or injection into the spinal cord area; transdermal; or via rectal suppository.[12][15] It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to induce analgesia and alter perception and emotional response to pain. Physical and psychological dependence and tolerance may develop with repeated administration.[12] It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain and is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction, kidney stones, and during labor.[12] Its maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when administered intravenously and 60 minutes when administered by mouth, while the duration of its effect is 3–7 hours.[12][13] Long-acting formulations of morphine are available as MS-Contin, Kadian, and other brand names as well as generically.[12]
Potentially serious side effects of morphine include decreased respiratory effort, vomiting, nausea, and low blood pressure.[12] Morphine is addictive and prone to abuse.[12] If one's dose is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur.[12] Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation.[12] Caution is advised for use of morphine during pregnancy or breast feeding, as it may affect the health of the baby.[12][2]
Morphine was first isolated between 1803 and 1805 by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner.[16] This is believed to be the first isolation of a medicinal alkaloid from a plant.[17] Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827.[16] Morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1853–1855.[16][18] Sertürner originally named the substance morphium, after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus, as it has a tendency to cause sleep.[18][19]
The primary source of morphine is isolation from poppy straw of the opium poppy.[20] In 2013, approximately 523 tons of morphine were produced.[21] Approximately 45 tons were used directly for pain, an increase of 400% over the last twenty years.[21] Most use for this purpose was in the developed world.[21] About 70 percent of morphine is used to make other opioids such as hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and heroin.[21][22][23] It is a Schedule II drug in the United States,[22] Class A in the United Kingdom,[5] and Schedule I in Canada.[24] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[25] Morphine is sold under many brand names.[1] In 2021, it was the 156th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3 million prescriptions.[26][27] It is available as a generic medication.[28]
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Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla.
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