Mount Pinatubo

Mount Pinatubo
Mount Pinatubo crater lake in 2012
Highest point
Elevation	1,486 m (4,875 ft) (current) 1,745 m (5,725 ft) (before 1991 eruption)
Listing	Active volcanoes in the Philippines
Coordinates	15°08′30″N 120°21′00″E / 15.14167°N 120.35000°E / 15.14167; 120.35000
Naming
Language of name	Tagalog
Pronunciation	/ˌpiːnəˈtuːboʊ/
Geography
Mount Pinatubo Location within the Philippines
Location	Luzon
Country	Philippines
Region	Central Luzon
Provinces	Pampanga Tarlac Zambales
Parent range	Zambales Mountains
Geology
Age of rock	Between 635,000 ± 80,000 and 1.1 ± 0.09 million years[2]
Mountain type	Stratovolcano[1]
Volcanic arc/belt	Luzon Volcanic Arc
Last eruption	November 30, 2021[3]

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Mount Pinatubo^[4] is an active stratovolcano in the Zambales Mountains, located on the tripoint boundary of the Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga, all in Central Luzon on the northern island of Luzon.^[5][6] Most people were unaware of its eruptive history before the pre-eruption volcanic activity in early 1991. Dense forests, which supported a population of several thousand indigenous Aetas, heavily eroded and obscured Pinatubo.

Pinatubo is known for its VEI-6 eruption on June 15, 1991, the second-largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska.^[7] The eruption coincided with Typhoon Yunya making landfall in the Philippines, which brought a dangerous mix of ash and rain to nearby towns and cities. Early predictions led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people, saving many lives. The eruption severely damaged surrounding areas with pyroclastic surges, pyroclastic falls, and later, flooding lahars caused by rainwater re-mobilizing volcanic deposits. This destruction affected infrastructure and altered river systems for years. ^[7][8] Minor dome-forming eruptions inside the caldera continued from 1992 to 1993.

The 1991 eruption had worldwide effects. It released roughly 10 billion tonnes (1.1×10¹⁰ short tons) or 10 km³ (2.4 cu mi) of magma, and 20 million tonnes (22 million short tons) of SO
₂, bringing large amounts of minerals and toxic metals to the surface. It ejected more particulate into the stratosphere than any eruption since Krakatoa in 1883. In the following months, aerosols formed a global layer of sulfuric acid haze. Global temperatures dropped by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) in the years 1991–1993,^[9] and ozone depletion temporarily increased significantly.^[10]