Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari

Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari
Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari
محمد نمر الهواري
	Muhammad al-Hawari in 1947
President of the General Refugee Congress
	In office; 17 March 1949 – Unknown
Personal details
Born	1908; Nazareth, Ottoman Empire
Died	11 July 1984 (aged 75–76); Nazareth, Israel
Citizenship	Ottoman Empire; Mandatory Palestine; Kingdom of Egypt; State of Israel
Known for	Al-Najjada

Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari (Arabic: محمد نمر الهواري; 1908 – July 11, 1984) was a Nazareth-born Palestinian who studied law in Jerusalem, graduating in 1939. Al-Hawari served in the British Mandate administration as chief interpreter in the district court of Jaffa and chairman of the Association of Government second-division officers. He was transferred to Haifa where he resigned his government position in 1942. On his resignation, he returned to practicing law in Jaffa.^[1] Al-Hawari started his career as a devoted follower of Amin al-Husseini but broke with the influential Husseini family in the early 1940s.^[2] Muhammad Nimr Al-Hawari, during the termination of the British mandate, formed and commanded al-Najjada, a paramilitary armed movement.^[3] Al-Hawari was in command of the militia in the defence of Jaffa until he fled in the mass exodus of Palestinians in late December 1947. Al-Hawari fled from Jaffa to Ramallah in December 1947.^[2]^[4] Al-Hawari together with ‘Aziz Shihada (also spelt Shehadeh) a lawyer from Ramallah opened an office in the West Bank for refugee affairs. Hawari returned to Palestine and years later became judge in the District Court of Nazareth.^[5]

In 1955, Muhammad Nimr Al-Hawari wrote and published a significant historic book titled, Sir Al-Nakba [The Secret Behind the Nakba]. As well as his native Arabic, Al-Hawari was fluent in English and Hebrew.^[1]

^ ^a ^b Haim Levenberg (1993) "Military preparations of the Arab community in Palestine, 1945–1948: 1945–1948" Routledge ISBN 0-7146-3439-5, p. 129
^ ^a ^b Benny Morris (2008) 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9, pp. 88–89.
^ Cite error: The named reference IP1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Benny Morris (2004) "Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited" Cambridge Press ISBN 0-521-00967-7, p. 111
^ Ilan Pappé, (2006) The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Oneworld publications ISBN 978-1-85168-467-0, p.122

[HL-1] Haim Levenberg (1993) "Military preparations of the Arab community in Palestine, 1945–1948: 1945–1948" Routledge ISBN 0-7146-3439-5, p. 129

[morris1948-2] Benny Morris (2008) 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9, pp. 88–89.

[IP1-3] Cite error: The named reference IP1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[BM111-4] Benny Morris (2004) "Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited" Cambridge Press ISBN 0-521-00967-7, p. 111

[5] Ilan Pappé, (2006) The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Oneworld publications ISBN 978-1-85168-467-0, p.122

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