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Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma
Microscopic view of a typical neuroblastoma with rosette formation
SpecialtyNeuro-oncology
SymptomsBone pain, lumps[1]
Usual onsetUnder 5 years old[1]
CausesGenetic mutation[1]
Diagnostic methodTissue biopsy[1]
TreatmentObservation, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation[1]
PrognosisUS five-year survival ~95% (< 1 year old), 68% (1–14 years old)[2]
Frequency1 in 7,000 children[2]
Deaths15% of deaths due to cancer in children[3]

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a type of cancer that forms in certain types of nerve tissue.[1] It most frequently starts from one of the adrenal glands but can also develop in the head, neck, chest, abdomen, or spine.[1] Symptoms may include bone pain, a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest, or a painless bluish lump under the skin.[1]

Typically, neuroblastoma occurs due to a genetic mutation occurring in the first trimester of pregnancy.[4][5] Rarely, it may be due to a mutation inherited.[1] Environmental factors have not been found to be involved.[2] Diagnosis is based on a tissue biopsy.[1] Occasionally, it may be found in a baby by ultrasound during pregnancy.[1] At diagnosis, the cancer has usually already spread.[1] The cancer is divided into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups based on a child's age, cancer stage, and what the cancer looks like.[1]

Treatment and outcomes depends on the risk group a person is in.[1][5] Treatments may include observation, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.[1] Low-risk disease in babies typically has a good outcome with surgery or simply observation.[5] In high-risk disease, chances of long-term survival, however, are less than 40%, despite aggressive treatment.[5]

Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in babies and the third-most common cancer in children after leukemia and brain cancer.[5] About one in every 7,000 children is affected at some time.[2] About 90% of cases occur in children less than 5 years old, and it is rare in adults.[2][3] Of cancer deaths in children, about 15% are due to neuroblastoma.[3] The disease was first described in the 1800s.[6]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Neuroblastoma Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 20 January 2016. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Neuroblastoma Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 25 August 2016. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b c World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. Chapter 5.16. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  4. ^ Körber V, Stainczyk SA, Kurilov R, Henrich KO, Hero B, Brors B, Westermann F, Höfer T (April 2023). "Neuroblastoma arises in early fetal development and its evolutionary duration predicts outcome". Nature Genetics. 55 (4): 619–630. doi:10.1038/s41588-023-01332-y. ISSN 1546-1718. PMC 10101850. PMID 36973454.
  5. ^ a b c d e Maris JM, Hogarty MD, Bagatell R, Cohn SL (June 2007). "Neuroblastoma". Lancet. 369 (9579): 2106–2120. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60983-0. PMID 17586306. S2CID 208790138.
  6. ^ Olson JS (1989). The History of Cancer: An Annotated Bibliography. ABC-CLIO. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-313-25889-3. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.

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