Ngoenyang

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Ngoenyang Kingdom อาณาจักรหิรัญเงินยาง (Thai)
638–1292
Capital	Hiran (until c. 850) Ngoenyang (c. 850–1262) Chiang Rai (1262–1275) Fang (1275–1281) Wiang Kum Kam (1281–1292)
Common languages	Northern Thai
Religion	Theravada Buddhism
Government	Mandala kingdom
Monarch
• c. 638 CE–? (first)	Lawachangkarat
• 1123–1166	Phaya Chueang
• 1262–1292 (last)	Mangrai the Great
Historical era	Post-classical era
• Installation of Lawachangkarat	638
• Invasion of Haripunjaya	1281
• Foundation of Chiang Mai	1292
Preceded by Succeeded by Singhanavati Hariphunchai Lan Na Phayao

The Kingdom of Hiran or the Kingdom of Ngoenyang (Thai: อาณาจักรหิรัญเงินยาง listen^ⓘ) was an early mueang or kingdom of the Northern Thai people from the 7th through 13th centuries AD and was originally centered on Hiran, formerly Vieng Prueksa, in modern-day Thailand near today's Mae Sai district in Chiang Rai, and later on Ngoenyang or Chiang Saen. Ngoenyang was the successor to the mueang of Singhanavati. King Mangrai, the 25th king of Ngoenyang, went on to found Lanna.^[1]

In contrast to most contemporary Tai states, Ngoenyang was mentioned in local chronicles, which provide some information about its history.

In 545 CE, an earthquake destroyed the city of Naknakorn and thus the mueang of Singhanavati. Survivors gathered together, and an elective monarchy was established there. The mueang was named Vieng Prueksa, as prueksa means "to counsel".

After 93 years of elective monarchy, Phraya Kalavarnadishraj of the Lavo Kingdom forced the Vieng Prueksa to accept Phraya Lawachangkarat as their king in 638 CE. Lawachangkarat renamed the mueang Hiran.

Lawachangkarat is hypothesized to have been a tribal chief in the area who gained the support of the Lavo Kingdom. The Lavachakkaraj or "Lao dynasty" would go on to rule the area for 700 years.

Lao Kiang, the ninth king of Hiran, founded the city of Ngoenyang (modern Chiang Saen) around 850 CE, moved the capital there, and thus became the first King of Ngoenyang. The territorial claims of Ngoenyang extended from Chiang Saen in the west through parts of modern Laos north of Luang Prabang to Thaeng (modern Điện Biên Phủ, Vietnam). Ngoenyang fell under the dominion of the Lu mueang Chiang Hung in the north around 1250 CE and remained within that orbit until the Mongol invasions again shifted power in the area.

The religion of Ngoenyang kingdom was heavily influenced by the Theravada Buddhism of the Hariphunchai kingdom to the south. In 1262 CE, King Mangrai founded Chiang Rai. In 1281, Mangrai invaded Haripuñjaya and captured its capital (modern Lamphun).

After his victory over Haripuñjaya, King Mangrai founded Wiang Kum Kam as his new capital. He stayed there until 1292, at which time he relocated to what would become Chiang Mai.