Ngoma music

Ngoma (also ng'oma or ing'oma) is a Bantu term with many connotations that encompasses music, dance, and instruments.^[1]^[2] In Tanzania ngoma also refers to events, both significant life-changing events such as the first menstruation or the birth or passing of a loved one, as well as momentary events such as celebrations, rituals, or competitions.^[3] Ngoma was the primary form of culture throughout the Great Lakes and Southern Africa.^[1] Today it is most notable in Tanzania, where it is deemed an official music genre by the National Arts Council (BASATA - Baraza la Sanaa la Taifa).^[4]^[5] In Tanzania, it is experienced throughout the country and performed, taught, and studied in many schools and universities.^[6] The most notable school for ngoma is the Bagamoyo Arts and Cultural Institute, which produces the most prominent chairmen (directors/conductors) and dancers.^[7]

The traditional forms of ngoma dancing consist of prominent movements of the hips.^[8] It uses a large variety of instruments, including strings and horns, but most prominently the use of drums.^[8] In other cases no instruments are used, such as by the Ambrokoi of the Maasai or the Ligihu of the Ngoni.^[7] These are usually dances of jumping and stomping, with significant movement and often a more competitive aspect than those with instruments.^[6]

^ ^a ^b Stone, Ruth M., ed. (2008). The Garland Handbook of African Music. New York: Routledge. pp. 14, 46–50, 136–137. ISBN 9781135900014. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^ Kaduma, Godwin Z. (1978). A theatrical description of five Tanzanian dances (PhD thesis). Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.
^ Pels, P. (2000). "Kizungu Rhythms: Luguru Chtistianity as Ngoma". In Gunderson, Frank D. (ed.). Mashindano!: Competitive Music Performance in East Africa. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. p. 102. ISBN 978-9976-973-82-2. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^ Askew, Kelly (2002). Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 27–67, 276. ISBN 978-0-226-02981-8. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^ Ivaska, Andrew (2011). Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar Es Salaam. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-8223-4770-5. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
^ ^a ^b Edmondson, Laura (2007). McNaughton, Patrick (ed.). Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11705-2. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^ ^a ^b Njogu, Kimani; Maupeu, Herv (2007). "Music and Politics in Tanzania: a case study of Nyota-wa-Cigogo". Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd. pp. 241–246. ISBN 978-9987-08-108-0. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^ ^a ^b Green, D. (2010). "Traditional Dance in Africa". In Welsh-Asante, K. (ed.). African Dance: an artistic, historical and philosophical inquiry. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. pp. 13–28. ISBN 978-1-60413-477-3. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

[Stone_08-1] Stone, Ruth M., ed. (2008). The Garland Handbook of African Music. New York: Routledge. pp. 14, 46–50, 136–137. ISBN 9781135900014. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

[Kaduma_78-2] Kaduma, Godwin Z. (1978). A theatrical description of five Tanzanian dances (PhD thesis). Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.

[Pels_00-3] Pels, P. (2000). "Kizungu Rhythms: Luguru Chtistianity as Ngoma". In Gunderson, Frank D. (ed.). Mashindano!: Competitive Music Performance in East Africa. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers. p. 102. ISBN 978-9976-973-82-2. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

[Askew_02-4] Askew, Kelly (2002). Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 27–67, 276. ISBN 978-0-226-02981-8. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

[Ivaska_11-5] Ivaska, Andrew (2011). Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar Es Salaam. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-8223-4770-5. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

[Edmondson_07-6] Edmondson, Laura (2007). McNaughton, Patrick (ed.). Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-11705-2. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

[Njogu_07-7] Njogu, Kimani; Maupeu, Herv (2007). "Music and Politics in Tanzania: a case study of Nyota-wa-Cigogo". Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd. pp. 241–246. ISBN 978-9987-08-108-0. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

[Green_10-8] Green, D. (2010). "Traditional Dance in Africa". In Welsh-Asante, K. (ed.). African Dance: an artistic, historical and philosophical inquiry. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. pp. 13–28. ISBN 978-1-60413-477-3. Archived from the original on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]