Non-coding RNA

The roles of non-coding RNAs: Ribonucleoproteins are shown in red, non-coding RNAs in blue.

A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene. Abundant and functionally important types of non-coding RNAs include transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist and HOTAIR.

The number of non-coding RNAs within the human genome is unknown; however, recent transcriptomic and bioinformatic studies suggest that there are thousands of non-coding transcripts.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Many of the newly identified ncRNAs have unknown functions, if any.[8] There is no consensus on how much of non-coding transcription is functional: some believe most ncRNAs to be non-functional "junk RNA", spurious transcriptions,[9][10] while others expect that many non-coding transcripts have functions to be discovered.[11][12]

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  8. ^ Hüttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N (May 2005). "Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?". Trends in Genetics. 21 (5): 289–297. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007. PMID 15851066.
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  12. ^ Lee H, Zhang Z, Krause HM (December 2019). "Long Noncoding RNAs and Repetitive Elements: Junk or Intimate Evolutionary Partners?". Trends in Genetics. 35 (12): 892–902. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2019.09.006. PMID 31662190. S2CID 204975291.

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